Waxing does good for the car maintenance and repair, but now there are many owners of one-sided understanding of the wax, for example, some car owners will frequently waxing, while others simply do not play, and some owners think, the more wax expensive the better, so a rarity in the import car wax to use. In fact, these practices are not appropriate. Here are some of the wax-related knowledge and precautions when waxing.
The first is how to choose the wax. Currently, a wide range of car wax on the market, there are solid and liquid of the points, not the same quality car wax. Performance of a variety of different wax, its role and effect are not the same, so must be careful in the selection, poor choice not only can not protect the body, but the paint color.
Under normal circumstances, the role should be based on characteristics of the wax, the age of the vehicle, the paint color and the driving environment and other factors considered. Best car wax polish to protect the body pre-painted gloss and color, in the summer are advised to use UV wax, driving the less prominent when the application of tree protection cheese wax. Ordinary vehicles use an ordinary pearl or metallic paint series of wax can be, should use high-end luxury car wax, or else there is damage to the body. Of course, the choice of wax must also be considered compatible with the paint color, usually dark-colored paint used black, red, green family car wax, light-colored paint used silver, white, pearl series of wax.
It should be noted that the new car it should not wax. Some people purchase a new car after waxing the vehicle, which is undesirable. Because the paint on the car itself has a protective wax, waxing too early but the surface of the original car wax will get rid of unnecessary waste, generally within five months of purchase new cars do not need to rush to waxing .
Second, we must master the waxing frequency. As the vehicle environment, different parking spaces, waxing time interval should also be different. Generally have garage parking, and more in good vehicles on the road, every 3-4 months to play a wax can be. Open storage of vehicles, due to wind and rain, preferably every 2-3 months to play a wax. Can be carried out by the touch judge, in general, touching the body do not feel smooth when you can re-waxing.
Waxing is best to use wash water before washing the body surface soil and dust. Remember not to blindly use detergent and soap, because it contains sodium chloride composition will erode the body paint, wax and rubber membrane so dull paint, rubber aging. If there is no dedicated car wash water, vehicle washing with water, dry the body after waxing.
Should wax a car in the shade, to ensure that the body will not heat. Because with increasing temperature, the wax adhesion variation will affect the quality of waxing.
Waxing, apply sponge coated with an appropriate wax, painting the body back and forth on a straight line, not the wax down in the car or do graffiti-style painting circle. A continuous operation to complete, can not stop Tu Tu. Smooth over face wax layer generally available 5-10 minutes after a new towel to polish, but the quick wax coated side should be polished edge.
After the body waxing, in the headlights, license plates, doors and trunk, etc. will leave some gaps in the wax, so that the body becomes very beautiful. These places if not promptly clean wax scale, may also produce corrosion. Therefore, be sure to kick wax wax thoroughly cleanse dirt, so to get the perfect waxing results.
Monday, December 12, 2011
Automatic transmission with six errors
People are already familiar with manual transmission gearbox to use, but also clearly know the best time to shift up and use more handy. But for the automatic transmission cars, people tend not very good. Use in automatic transmission vehicles, there are quite a number of owners lack of knowledge of the automatic transmission, follow the manual transmission methods of operation, resulting in vehicle damage, personal crew threatened, and even this buried accidents, vehicle or cause performance degradation, shortened life expectancy. Here are some of the automatic transmission cars use a common error, the majority of owners want to help out with errors.
Myth # 1 automatic transmission vehicles, long-stay parking, the shift lever is still hanging in the D block
Vehicles equipped with automatic transmission signal or waiting through traffic jams, some drivers would often remain in the D block shift lever, and depresses the brake pedal, if time is short, this is allowed. However, if parking is best for a long time into the N block (neutral), and tighten the parking brake. Because the shift lever in the D block, the automatic transmission cars generally have weak forward, slam the brake pedal if the time is equal to forcibly stop this forward, making the transmission oil temperature, oil perishable, especially in the air-conditioning systems work, the higher the engine idling more unfavorable circumstances.
Myth # 2 high speed or automatic transmission vehicle when going downhill, the gear shift lever in N allocation glide
Some drivers for fuel-efficient, or at high speed when going downhill, the shift lever to position N sliding block, which is likely to burn out the transmission. Because at this high transmission output shaft speed, and engine idling, transmission oil pump less oil, lubricant deterioration, but also for transmission within the multi-plate clutch, although power has been cut off, but the passive film in the driven wheel speed operation, the engine-driven initiative to film speed is very low, very small gap between the two, and slip easily lead to resonance phenomena, resulting in adverse consequences. Do need to present a long glide slope when the shift lever can be maintained in the D block sliding, but can not make the engine stall.
Myth # 3 in the automatic transmission gear other than P or N to start the engine
Some drivers in gear other than P or N to start the engine, although the engine is not running (because the chain protection, can only block in the P and N to start), but may burn out the transmission of the neutral start switch. Because the automatic transmission is equipped with a neutral start switch. Making the transmission P or N only in the block before starting the engine, to avoid false starts in other gear when the car immediately started channeling forward. Therefore, before starting the engine must confirm whether the shift lever in P or N block.
Myth # 4 equipped with automatic transmission or a three-way catalytic converters for automobiles method to start the engine-driven vehicles
Equipped with automatic transmission and automotive catalytic converters can not start due to battery power shortage, and pushed the use of methods or other vehicles start dragging, which is very wrong. Because, using the above method is not the power to the engine, it will damage the catalytic converter.
Myth # 5 automatic transmission vehicle parking ramp parking brake is not used
With automatic transmission cars parking in the slope, some drivers just to use the P block, instead of using the parking brake, do so very easily lead to accidents. Because although the car with automatic transmission in P with the parking gear locking mechanism failure is generally small, but once the failure will cause an accident. Thus, in the parking ramp, or should use the parking brake.
Myth # 6 automatic transmission car start if the D block, has stepped on the gas can change into high gear
Some drivers think that as long as the D block start, has stepped on the gas can change into high gear, not knowing that this is wrong. Because the shift operation should be "closed throttle advance Shengdang throttle downshift in advance." That is, after starting in the D block to keep 5% of throttle opening, speed up to 40km / h, fast loose throttle, can increase to a gear, then accelerate to 75km / h, but also improve the throttle a loose gear. Decreases according to the speed of vehicles, a little step on the gas, that is, back to low gear. It must be noted, can not step on the accelerator in the end. Otherwise, it will be forced into low gear hanging, may cause transmission damage.
In short, the automatic transmission car with manual transmission for a motor vehicle, eliminating the clutch pedal, pedal frequently do not have to make driving easy, easy. However, if operating properly, will artificially increase the automatic transmission failure rate and reduce its service life. Proper use of automatic transmission, not only to avoid or reduce the incidence of failure, but also reduce fuel consumption and reduce pollution.
Myth # 1 automatic transmission vehicles, long-stay parking, the shift lever is still hanging in the D block
Vehicles equipped with automatic transmission signal or waiting through traffic jams, some drivers would often remain in the D block shift lever, and depresses the brake pedal, if time is short, this is allowed. However, if parking is best for a long time into the N block (neutral), and tighten the parking brake. Because the shift lever in the D block, the automatic transmission cars generally have weak forward, slam the brake pedal if the time is equal to forcibly stop this forward, making the transmission oil temperature, oil perishable, especially in the air-conditioning systems work, the higher the engine idling more unfavorable circumstances.
Myth # 2 high speed or automatic transmission vehicle when going downhill, the gear shift lever in N allocation glide
Some drivers for fuel-efficient, or at high speed when going downhill, the shift lever to position N sliding block, which is likely to burn out the transmission. Because at this high transmission output shaft speed, and engine idling, transmission oil pump less oil, lubricant deterioration, but also for transmission within the multi-plate clutch, although power has been cut off, but the passive film in the driven wheel speed operation, the engine-driven initiative to film speed is very low, very small gap between the two, and slip easily lead to resonance phenomena, resulting in adverse consequences. Do need to present a long glide slope when the shift lever can be maintained in the D block sliding, but can not make the engine stall.
Myth # 3 in the automatic transmission gear other than P or N to start the engine
Some drivers in gear other than P or N to start the engine, although the engine is not running (because the chain protection, can only block in the P and N to start), but may burn out the transmission of the neutral start switch. Because the automatic transmission is equipped with a neutral start switch. Making the transmission P or N only in the block before starting the engine, to avoid false starts in other gear when the car immediately started channeling forward. Therefore, before starting the engine must confirm whether the shift lever in P or N block.
Myth # 4 equipped with automatic transmission or a three-way catalytic converters for automobiles method to start the engine-driven vehicles
Equipped with automatic transmission and automotive catalytic converters can not start due to battery power shortage, and pushed the use of methods or other vehicles start dragging, which is very wrong. Because, using the above method is not the power to the engine, it will damage the catalytic converter.
Myth # 5 automatic transmission vehicle parking ramp parking brake is not used
With automatic transmission cars parking in the slope, some drivers just to use the P block, instead of using the parking brake, do so very easily lead to accidents. Because although the car with automatic transmission in P with the parking gear locking mechanism failure is generally small, but once the failure will cause an accident. Thus, in the parking ramp, or should use the parking brake.
Myth # 6 automatic transmission car start if the D block, has stepped on the gas can change into high gear
Some drivers think that as long as the D block start, has stepped on the gas can change into high gear, not knowing that this is wrong. Because the shift operation should be "closed throttle advance Shengdang throttle downshift in advance." That is, after starting in the D block to keep 5% of throttle opening, speed up to 40km / h, fast loose throttle, can increase to a gear, then accelerate to 75km / h, but also improve the throttle a loose gear. Decreases according to the speed of vehicles, a little step on the gas, that is, back to low gear. It must be noted, can not step on the accelerator in the end. Otherwise, it will be forced into low gear hanging, may cause transmission damage.
In short, the automatic transmission car with manual transmission for a motor vehicle, eliminating the clutch pedal, pedal frequently do not have to make driving easy, easy. However, if operating properly, will artificially increase the automatic transmission failure rate and reduce its service life. Proper use of automatic transmission, not only to avoid or reduce the incidence of failure, but also reduce fuel consumption and reduce pollution.
In addition to beautiful cars there are scientific and aerodynamic styling
Air resistance
As we all know, the faster the speed the greater the resistance, air resistance is proportional to the square with car speed. If air resistance accounts for a large vehicle driving resistance ratio will increase vehicle fuel consumption or seriously affect the car's dynamic performance. According to the test, a speed of 100 km per hour driving a car, the engine output power of 80% will be used to overcome air resistance, reduce air resistance, can effectively improve the car's driving the economy, so car designers attach great importance to aerodynamics. In introducing the article on performance cars often of the "drag coefficient" is the aerodynamic terminology, is one of the parameters to measure the performance of modern cars.
Aerodynamic drag coefficient
The car is moving because of the role of air resistance, gravity around the car while producing longitudinal, lateral and vertical direction of the air moving in three forces, high-speed car will have different effects, which is the largest vertical air force air resistance, aerodynamic drag accounts for about 80 percent of the whole over. Its coefficient is obtained from the wind tunnel test out, and the synthesis of car air speed is closely related to the formation of the dynamic pressure. When the body size of the same projection, body shape or body surface treatment of various different air dynamic pressure values ??are different, the air drag coefficient will be different. As the air resistance and air drag coefficient is proportional to the modern cars to reduce air resistance must be considered to reduce air drag coefficient. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, car air drag coefficient remained at between 0.4 to 0.6. 1970s energy crisis, countries in order to further save energy and reduce fuel consumption, are committed to reducing air drag coefficient, and now the car aerodynamic drag coefficient is generally between 0.28 to 0.4.
Car shape design
In order to reduce air drag coefficient, the general shape of the modern car park slide with smooth curves to turn the car body blanking line. Front wall and side panels, front wall, side panels and engine cover, side panels, etc. and after places around are used park slide transition, under the forward tilt hood, short rear cover after Gao Qiao, Ji after the daughter board to the After the contraction, using a large curved glass windshield and roof garden with slide transition, and the horizontal angle between the front windscreen is generally 25 degrees -33 degrees, with flat side with the body, front and rear lamps, door handle embedded in car body, the body as clean smooth surface, the vehicle covered with a flat cover, reduce the vehicle height, etc. These measures will help reduce air drag coefficient. In the early 1980s, the advent of the German Audi 100C sedan is the most prominent example, it uses the above measures, the air drag coefficient of only 0.3, a business on behalf of the cars exterior design was the best example.
According to the tests showed that the air drag coefficient decreasing by 10%, about seven percent fuel savings. It has been on two of the same quality, same size, but with different aerodynamic drag coefficient (0.44 and 0.25, respectively) compared to the car to 88 kilometers per hour, driving 100 km per hour, the latter than the former to save fuel consumption by 1.7 liters.
Study the history of car-shaped car, from the beginning of this century, the Ford T-box-type body to 30 years of beetle-type medium-sized body, beetle-shaped body 50 from the ship's body, from the ship's body into the wedge-shaped body 80, Even today the car body model, the emergence of each body shape, not simply a period of a product of industrial design, but along with the technological advances of modern aerodynamics and development. Air drag coefficient of cars in the past never had the manual, is to introduce the car today is one of the commonly used term, become very concerned about a parameter.
As we all know, the faster the speed the greater the resistance, air resistance is proportional to the square with car speed. If air resistance accounts for a large vehicle driving resistance ratio will increase vehicle fuel consumption or seriously affect the car's dynamic performance. According to the test, a speed of 100 km per hour driving a car, the engine output power of 80% will be used to overcome air resistance, reduce air resistance, can effectively improve the car's driving the economy, so car designers attach great importance to aerodynamics. In introducing the article on performance cars often of the "drag coefficient" is the aerodynamic terminology, is one of the parameters to measure the performance of modern cars.
Aerodynamic drag coefficient
The car is moving because of the role of air resistance, gravity around the car while producing longitudinal, lateral and vertical direction of the air moving in three forces, high-speed car will have different effects, which is the largest vertical air force air resistance, aerodynamic drag accounts for about 80 percent of the whole over. Its coefficient is obtained from the wind tunnel test out, and the synthesis of car air speed is closely related to the formation of the dynamic pressure. When the body size of the same projection, body shape or body surface treatment of various different air dynamic pressure values ??are different, the air drag coefficient will be different. As the air resistance and air drag coefficient is proportional to the modern cars to reduce air resistance must be considered to reduce air drag coefficient. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, car air drag coefficient remained at between 0.4 to 0.6. 1970s energy crisis, countries in order to further save energy and reduce fuel consumption, are committed to reducing air drag coefficient, and now the car aerodynamic drag coefficient is generally between 0.28 to 0.4.
Car shape design
In order to reduce air drag coefficient, the general shape of the modern car park slide with smooth curves to turn the car body blanking line. Front wall and side panels, front wall, side panels and engine cover, side panels, etc. and after places around are used park slide transition, under the forward tilt hood, short rear cover after Gao Qiao, Ji after the daughter board to the After the contraction, using a large curved glass windshield and roof garden with slide transition, and the horizontal angle between the front windscreen is generally 25 degrees -33 degrees, with flat side with the body, front and rear lamps, door handle embedded in car body, the body as clean smooth surface, the vehicle covered with a flat cover, reduce the vehicle height, etc. These measures will help reduce air drag coefficient. In the early 1980s, the advent of the German Audi 100C sedan is the most prominent example, it uses the above measures, the air drag coefficient of only 0.3, a business on behalf of the cars exterior design was the best example.
According to the tests showed that the air drag coefficient decreasing by 10%, about seven percent fuel savings. It has been on two of the same quality, same size, but with different aerodynamic drag coefficient (0.44 and 0.25, respectively) compared to the car to 88 kilometers per hour, driving 100 km per hour, the latter than the former to save fuel consumption by 1.7 liters.
Study the history of car-shaped car, from the beginning of this century, the Ford T-box-type body to 30 years of beetle-type medium-sized body, beetle-shaped body 50 from the ship's body, from the ship's body into the wedge-shaped body 80, Even today the car body model, the emergence of each body shape, not simply a period of a product of industrial design, but along with the technological advances of modern aerodynamics and development. Air drag coefficient of cars in the past never had the manual, is to introduce the car today is one of the commonly used term, become very concerned about a parameter.
Cool summer maintenance internally and externally
Summer is a harsh test of car owners and the season, the temperature soared inside, it is easy to anxiety ease, days of burning sun outside the car, it makes the whole car body without skin. We should do some cool car to own conservation work, so our car in the summer, from the inside reveals a beautiful and cool!
Beautiful out - foil, sealing uranium, tire maintenance face mask
Summer, for the external protection and modified car is essential, that give the car a protective coat, but also effective to cool the car.
First, the face of strong sunlight outside the window and ultraviolet radiation, automotive films is very important. It will be hot and the wounding of ultraviolet sunlight blocked out, you can give vehicle owners to create a safe space for cool comfort. Similarly, the paint is the most tested in summer season. For the exposed paint, Zhilie sun, acid rain, car paint and other materials will cause corrosion. Therefore, in the summer to paint the work to be maintenance care is necessary, automotive sealing uranium as the best choice for owners who spend thousands of hundred dollars, to affix a hard layer of car paint protection film.
In addition, the most critical is the summer driving safety. The problem is that often occur due to road surface temperature is too high, after traveling a long car tires, increased pressure inside the tire, the tire is prone to puncture. Summer tires so be sure to do some maintenance from time to time testing to ensure road safety.
Cool to the heart - air conditioners, refrigerators, cushion, perfume ranging
Cool car interior work is also required owners to make great efforts to prepare in advance. The temperature inside the vehicle, comfort directly affects the owner's mood and feelings to take the internal work, summer can not be ignored.
The most critical air-conditioning cooling effect in summer high temperatures, it is the owner of the most frequently used in refrigeration equipment. Air conditioning if there are problems, maintenance costs will be a huge expense. Therefore, the summer air-conditioning maintenance and repair should be the most important task. Meanwhile, with the improvement of people's quality of life, the installation has become more and more car refrigerator car owners choice. Especially go out to play, suddenly the car through the heart out of a bottle of cold drinks, and will definitely make people envy. Drinking cold refreshing drink, if we can have a comfortable and cool car seat, this summer, I am afraid it does not want to cool difficult. A wide variety of car seat in the cool summer have boarded the stage of the protagonist.
In addition to cool equipment other than those mentioned above, choose some car perfume smells light, fresh etc., etc. on the car is also a good choice, the summer hot weather, driving people's emotions easily agitated, as if in the car with some lemon flavor, apple perfume, can encounter traffic jams, car problems arise when a small, effective regulation of the driver and passengers or mood.
Beautiful out - foil, sealing uranium, tire maintenance face mask
Summer, for the external protection and modified car is essential, that give the car a protective coat, but also effective to cool the car.
First, the face of strong sunlight outside the window and ultraviolet radiation, automotive films is very important. It will be hot and the wounding of ultraviolet sunlight blocked out, you can give vehicle owners to create a safe space for cool comfort. Similarly, the paint is the most tested in summer season. For the exposed paint, Zhilie sun, acid rain, car paint and other materials will cause corrosion. Therefore, in the summer to paint the work to be maintenance care is necessary, automotive sealing uranium as the best choice for owners who spend thousands of hundred dollars, to affix a hard layer of car paint protection film.
In addition, the most critical is the summer driving safety. The problem is that often occur due to road surface temperature is too high, after traveling a long car tires, increased pressure inside the tire, the tire is prone to puncture. Summer tires so be sure to do some maintenance from time to time testing to ensure road safety.
Cool to the heart - air conditioners, refrigerators, cushion, perfume ranging
Cool car interior work is also required owners to make great efforts to prepare in advance. The temperature inside the vehicle, comfort directly affects the owner's mood and feelings to take the internal work, summer can not be ignored.
The most critical air-conditioning cooling effect in summer high temperatures, it is the owner of the most frequently used in refrigeration equipment. Air conditioning if there are problems, maintenance costs will be a huge expense. Therefore, the summer air-conditioning maintenance and repair should be the most important task. Meanwhile, with the improvement of people's quality of life, the installation has become more and more car refrigerator car owners choice. Especially go out to play, suddenly the car through the heart out of a bottle of cold drinks, and will definitely make people envy. Drinking cold refreshing drink, if we can have a comfortable and cool car seat, this summer, I am afraid it does not want to cool difficult. A wide variety of car seat in the cool summer have boarded the stage of the protagonist.
In addition to cool equipment other than those mentioned above, choose some car perfume smells light, fresh etc., etc. on the car is also a good choice, the summer hot weather, driving people's emotions easily agitated, as if in the car with some lemon flavor, apple perfume, can encounter traffic jams, car problems arise when a small, effective regulation of the driver and passengers or mood.
Sunday, December 11, 2011
Keep your tires to ride in the summer
With the advent of summer, car tires in the high-temperature environment started to become restless, puncture accidents have occurred. How to prevent puncture, how to conserve the tires during the summer, the summer has become key to traffic safety.
Summer, the impact of unsafe driving factor is the flat tire. The main reason for this situation is that one, air pressure is too high or too low, 2, tire period is too long, 3, aging and cracking the surface of the tire rubber, 4, tread wear to the limit, 5, steel ring deformation .
How to avoid and deal with a puncture
Different speeds according to vehicle speed to select the appropriate level and quality of qualified tire. Tire production date beyond the period of use if the best replacement. Tires should be high-temperature abrasion rubber butyl rubber or wire loop can be used with a good outline of the non-bile tire explosion. If the tread is damaged should be replaced as soon as possible.
Look at tire pressure before driving. Front and rear inflation pressure should be, respectively, consistent, or at high speeds, the tire uneven force, increased pressure inside the tire, tire temperature increased, increasing wear and tear, can easily result in early tire air burst. High-speed exercise, the tire inflation pressure should be controlled between 85-90% of normal.
High temperature should be timely and parked the car in the shade, let cool and then moving on their own tires. Must not put the gas down or splashing water on the tires cool. Pull over when possible, be careful to avoid a collision and collision outside tire roadside. This is very easy to cause the tire sidewall injury risk, a serious cause of wire breakage or rim internal deformation.
Symptomatic detection of tire problems
If the tire is only worn on both sides, said long-term tire pressure is inadequate; if only the middle part of the wear that long-term tire pressure is too high; wear if only one side, the tire roll angle offset, front wheel alignment should be done, to correct the camber.
There case, if the wear is not balanced, unbalanced tires or rims that deformation should do tire balancing, wheel alignment or replacement of deformed steel ring.
If the owner has touched the tire bulge lump, that there may be air into the inner tire, regardless of old tires should be replaced. Also should be noted that if there is tread on the fine cracks that have begun to tire of rubber aging, it should be replaced.
Choose a method of tire
Give priority to the original tire replacement tire. With the original tire is the best vehicle speed and the maximum load of the vehicle.
Second, pay attention to tire tread. Pattern on the tire, in addition to play beautiful effects, the performance of the tires have a great impact. If a small block tread tires rule better drainage performance. Off-road and the car long distances, you can choose a large block pattern tires.
In addition, in the purchase of tire types, should give priority to radial tires. Compared with the oblique line tires, radial tires with a low noise, long life, high comfort and strong grip characteristics.
Summer, the impact of unsafe driving factor is the flat tire. The main reason for this situation is that one, air pressure is too high or too low, 2, tire period is too long, 3, aging and cracking the surface of the tire rubber, 4, tread wear to the limit, 5, steel ring deformation .
How to avoid and deal with a puncture
Different speeds according to vehicle speed to select the appropriate level and quality of qualified tire. Tire production date beyond the period of use if the best replacement. Tires should be high-temperature abrasion rubber butyl rubber or wire loop can be used with a good outline of the non-bile tire explosion. If the tread is damaged should be replaced as soon as possible.
Look at tire pressure before driving. Front and rear inflation pressure should be, respectively, consistent, or at high speeds, the tire uneven force, increased pressure inside the tire, tire temperature increased, increasing wear and tear, can easily result in early tire air burst. High-speed exercise, the tire inflation pressure should be controlled between 85-90% of normal.
High temperature should be timely and parked the car in the shade, let cool and then moving on their own tires. Must not put the gas down or splashing water on the tires cool. Pull over when possible, be careful to avoid a collision and collision outside tire roadside. This is very easy to cause the tire sidewall injury risk, a serious cause of wire breakage or rim internal deformation.
Symptomatic detection of tire problems
If the tire is only worn on both sides, said long-term tire pressure is inadequate; if only the middle part of the wear that long-term tire pressure is too high; wear if only one side, the tire roll angle offset, front wheel alignment should be done, to correct the camber.
There case, if the wear is not balanced, unbalanced tires or rims that deformation should do tire balancing, wheel alignment or replacement of deformed steel ring.
If the owner has touched the tire bulge lump, that there may be air into the inner tire, regardless of old tires should be replaced. Also should be noted that if there is tread on the fine cracks that have begun to tire of rubber aging, it should be replaced.
Choose a method of tire
Give priority to the original tire replacement tire. With the original tire is the best vehicle speed and the maximum load of the vehicle.
Second, pay attention to tire tread. Pattern on the tire, in addition to play beautiful effects, the performance of the tires have a great impact. If a small block tread tires rule better drainage performance. Off-road and the car long distances, you can choose a large block pattern tires.
In addition, in the purchase of tire types, should give priority to radial tires. Compared with the oblique line tires, radial tires with a low noise, long life, high comfort and strong grip characteristics.
Common automotive terminology Detailed
MPV
MPV's full name is the Multi-Purpose Vehicle, namely multi-purpose vehicles. It combines the cars, station wagons and vans-in-one, each car seat can be adjusted, and a variety of combinations, for example in the row of seats can be turned back into a desk next to Taiwan, front seats can be rotated 180 degrees and so on. In recent years, MPV tends to miniaturization, and the emergence of the so-called S-MPV, S is small (Small) means. S-MPV drivers in general (4.2-4.3) m, between the body compact, usually (5-7) blocks.
SUV
SUV's full name is SportUtility Vehicle, which means Chinese sport utility vehicle. Now mainly refers to those avant-garde design, novel four-wheel drive off-road vehicles. SUV general car type front suspension is independent suspension, rear suspension non-independent suspension, ground clearance greater, to a certain extent, both cars have the comfort of off-road vehicles off-road performance. Because MPV-style seats with a combination of multi-function, so that vehicles can be both manned cargo for a wide range.
RV
RV's full name is Recreati & a Vehicle,. That is, recreational vehicles, is a suitable entertainment, leisure, travel, car, RV vehicles first put forward the concept of country is Japan. More extensive coverage of the RV, there is no strict category. Broadly speaking, in addition to cars and light passenger cars outside, can be attributed to RV. MPV and SUV also belong to the RV.
Pickup
Pickup (PICK-UP), also known as car cards. As the name suggests, are cards also car is a used car and the front cab, while freight cars with open-type models. It features both car-like comfort, yet powerful, and than the car's cargo and the ability to adapt to adverse road still strong. The most common is the double-row seat pickup truck pickup, this model is currently the largest holdings, but also prove that most people in the pickup market.
CKD cars
CKD is the English abbreviation for Completely Knocked Down, meaning "completely break up." In other words, CKD vehicle that is imported or imported car, the car entered a completely dismantled state, then after all the car parts and components into the vehicle. China in the introduction of foreign advanced technology vehicles, often to start CKD assembly methods, advanced models will buy all the parts come in, in the same vehicle within the car factory assembled.
SKD Automotive
SKD is in English Semi-Knocked Down acronym, meaning "half bulk." In other words, SKD Automotive refers to imported cars from the assembly (such as engine, cab, chassis, etc.), and then assembled in the domestic automobile factory car. SKD is equivalent to the car made of people, "semi-finished", after importation into the simple assembly of the vehicle.
Zero kilometer cars
Zero km car is a marketing term that refers to the mileage to zero (or low mileage, if not higher than 10kin) car, it appears to the purchase of vehicles to meet customers "absolutely new" requirements. Said the car from zero kilometers down the production line after the driver has not had any income. In order to ensure the odometer reading to zero, from the production plant to the point of sale, a large private car transport are used to ensure that new vehicles.
Concept car
Conception Car concept car from the translation from English. Ep will be put into concept cars are not models, it is only designer to showcase new, unique, advanced the idea of ??it. Creative concept car is still in the pilot phase, it may never put into production. Because it is not mass-produced goods vehicles, each one more concept car can get rid of the shackles of production levels, enjoy and even exaggerated formation show their own unique charm.
Concept cars are the latest scientific and technological achievements of the times, represent the future direction of the car, so it shows the role and significance of large, able to inspire people to learn from each other and promote learning. Because the concept has advanced the idea of ??a unique creative expression, and apply the latest scientific and technological achievements, so it's extremely high appreciation value.
The world's major car companies are enormous amounts of money developing concept car, and appeared in the International Motor Show, on the one hand consumers to understand a little reflection on the concept car, which continue to improve; the other hand also to show to the public the company's technological progress to improve its image.
Classic cars
Also known as classic cars classic cars, generally refers to 20 years or older cars. Classic cars is a product of nostalgia, is that people in the past have been used, it can still work the car.
The concept of classic cars began in the 1970s, first appeared in a British magazine, this argument was quickly recognized classic car enthusiasts. Less than 10 years of martial arts, classic cars for people concerned about more and more, resulting in classic cars worth increased dramatically from mining. For example, a demand the United States in 1933, Sheng Berg style car sold at auction $ 1.0 million Bugatti classic cars sold $ 6.5 million.
MPV's full name is the Multi-Purpose Vehicle, namely multi-purpose vehicles. It combines the cars, station wagons and vans-in-one, each car seat can be adjusted, and a variety of combinations, for example in the row of seats can be turned back into a desk next to Taiwan, front seats can be rotated 180 degrees and so on. In recent years, MPV tends to miniaturization, and the emergence of the so-called S-MPV, S is small (Small) means. S-MPV drivers in general (4.2-4.3) m, between the body compact, usually (5-7) blocks.
SUV
SUV's full name is SportUtility Vehicle, which means Chinese sport utility vehicle. Now mainly refers to those avant-garde design, novel four-wheel drive off-road vehicles. SUV general car type front suspension is independent suspension, rear suspension non-independent suspension, ground clearance greater, to a certain extent, both cars have the comfort of off-road vehicles off-road performance. Because MPV-style seats with a combination of multi-function, so that vehicles can be both manned cargo for a wide range.
RV
RV's full name is Recreati & a Vehicle,. That is, recreational vehicles, is a suitable entertainment, leisure, travel, car, RV vehicles first put forward the concept of country is Japan. More extensive coverage of the RV, there is no strict category. Broadly speaking, in addition to cars and light passenger cars outside, can be attributed to RV. MPV and SUV also belong to the RV.
Pickup
Pickup (PICK-UP), also known as car cards. As the name suggests, are cards also car is a used car and the front cab, while freight cars with open-type models. It features both car-like comfort, yet powerful, and than the car's cargo and the ability to adapt to adverse road still strong. The most common is the double-row seat pickup truck pickup, this model is currently the largest holdings, but also prove that most people in the pickup market.
CKD cars
CKD is the English abbreviation for Completely Knocked Down, meaning "completely break up." In other words, CKD vehicle that is imported or imported car, the car entered a completely dismantled state, then after all the car parts and components into the vehicle. China in the introduction of foreign advanced technology vehicles, often to start CKD assembly methods, advanced models will buy all the parts come in, in the same vehicle within the car factory assembled.
SKD Automotive
SKD is in English Semi-Knocked Down acronym, meaning "half bulk." In other words, SKD Automotive refers to imported cars from the assembly (such as engine, cab, chassis, etc.), and then assembled in the domestic automobile factory car. SKD is equivalent to the car made of people, "semi-finished", after importation into the simple assembly of the vehicle.
Zero kilometer cars
Zero km car is a marketing term that refers to the mileage to zero (or low mileage, if not higher than 10kin) car, it appears to the purchase of vehicles to meet customers "absolutely new" requirements. Said the car from zero kilometers down the production line after the driver has not had any income. In order to ensure the odometer reading to zero, from the production plant to the point of sale, a large private car transport are used to ensure that new vehicles.
Concept car
Conception Car concept car from the translation from English. Ep will be put into concept cars are not models, it is only designer to showcase new, unique, advanced the idea of ??it. Creative concept car is still in the pilot phase, it may never put into production. Because it is not mass-produced goods vehicles, each one more concept car can get rid of the shackles of production levels, enjoy and even exaggerated formation show their own unique charm.
Concept cars are the latest scientific and technological achievements of the times, represent the future direction of the car, so it shows the role and significance of large, able to inspire people to learn from each other and promote learning. Because the concept has advanced the idea of ??a unique creative expression, and apply the latest scientific and technological achievements, so it's extremely high appreciation value.
The world's major car companies are enormous amounts of money developing concept car, and appeared in the International Motor Show, on the one hand consumers to understand a little reflection on the concept car, which continue to improve; the other hand also to show to the public the company's technological progress to improve its image.
Classic cars
Also known as classic cars classic cars, generally refers to 20 years or older cars. Classic cars is a product of nostalgia, is that people in the past have been used, it can still work the car.
The concept of classic cars began in the 1970s, first appeared in a British magazine, this argument was quickly recognized classic car enthusiasts. Less than 10 years of martial arts, classic cars for people concerned about more and more, resulting in classic cars worth increased dramatically from mining. For example, a demand the United States in 1933, Sheng Berg style car sold at auction $ 1.0 million Bugatti classic cars sold $ 6.5 million.
Spring Chunkun drivers try not to drive anti-smoking in the car
As the saying goes, "Chun Kun lack of autumn", spring, and many drivers started driving when drowsy, which is very dangerous in a crowded Beijing. Experts reminded owners to prevent Chunkun way is to ensure adequate sleep, avoid excessive overtime or night's entertainment, "burn the midnight oil."
Experts also advise against smoking in the car. Smoke contains nicotine and carbon monoxide, and nicotine, although the initial excitatory effects on the nervous system, but later a disincentive to people's attention and memory gradually decline. Also, do not use coffee or tea refreshing. Similar to smoking, coffee and tea can only bring temporary excitement, but can not make a clear observation of the road, make the right response, and short-lived excited state followed by sustained inhibition.
You should also pay attention to diet swap. Before driving is best not to eat lots of milk, bananas, lettuce, fat and alcoholic foods such as wine, chocolates and so on. Such food easy to engender a sense of fatigue or cause significant drowsiness, fatigue, soporific effect. Ginger, onions, leeks should moderate eating, yellow-green vegetables such as carrots, cauliflower and cabbage, chocolate, apples, kelp, soybeans, potatoes and so on. These foods contain potassium, caffeine, alkaline substances, vitamins, have fatigue, keep a cool feature.
Experts also advise against smoking in the car. Smoke contains nicotine and carbon monoxide, and nicotine, although the initial excitatory effects on the nervous system, but later a disincentive to people's attention and memory gradually decline. Also, do not use coffee or tea refreshing. Similar to smoking, coffee and tea can only bring temporary excitement, but can not make a clear observation of the road, make the right response, and short-lived excited state followed by sustained inhibition.
You should also pay attention to diet swap. Before driving is best not to eat lots of milk, bananas, lettuce, fat and alcoholic foods such as wine, chocolates and so on. Such food easy to engender a sense of fatigue or cause significant drowsiness, fatigue, soporific effect. Ginger, onions, leeks should moderate eating, yellow-green vegetables such as carrots, cauliflower and cabbage, chocolate, apples, kelp, soybeans, potatoes and so on. These foods contain potassium, caffeine, alkaline substances, vitamins, have fatigue, keep a cool feature.
Wipers feature
First, the characteristics of boneless wiper
1 boneless wiper with curved glass fit tight, even by force, scraping to pay carbon coated to ensure grab quieter, smoother, cleaner.
2, the use of aerodynamic design, high-speed driving, smear will not be air lifted to ensure scraping swab clearer.
3, optimized wiper design in the middle of the flat wide, with a shade anti-aging effect.
4, with no skeleton floating steel structure, to eliminate motion shaking. Long life, light weight, strong adhesion than conventional wipers.
5, spring rubber and covered both ozone and UV resistant rubber ability to adapt to different climatic conditions.
Second, the installation method
1, the standard interface design, easy installation, no need to replace the wiper arm, directly replaced.
2, remove the old wiper, the wiper wear.
3, if there is oil on the windshield, wax, dirt and other foreign matter, clean after the first treatment used.
Third, the wiper use and maintenance guide
● Remove the windshield wiper sunny day with dust on the surface, be sure to spray the glass of water, not dry scrape.
● glass on the other stubborn, hard dirt, should clean up by hand. These things are easy to make wiper blades were injured, leading wiper scraping clean. Serious, wiper motor
Also be affected.
● washing and daily cleaning wiper films need to lift, run to get wiper blades to the "back", when put gently back, what will not be popping the wiper blade bounce.
● winter use, should be used to clean the windshield ice scraper ice surface, ballast, so as not to increase the wiper of the burden.
Fourth, the size before buying to be sure
Please Buyers carefully before using their own cars wiper size, to avoid trouble.
Fifth, the small data
Wiper-inch units and metric units were: 14 "- 350mm 16" - 400mm 18 "- 450mm 20" - 500mm 21 "- 525mm 22" - 550mm 24 "- 600mm 26" - 650mm
1 boneless wiper with curved glass fit tight, even by force, scraping to pay carbon coated to ensure grab quieter, smoother, cleaner.
2, the use of aerodynamic design, high-speed driving, smear will not be air lifted to ensure scraping swab clearer.
3, optimized wiper design in the middle of the flat wide, with a shade anti-aging effect.
4, with no skeleton floating steel structure, to eliminate motion shaking. Long life, light weight, strong adhesion than conventional wipers.
5, spring rubber and covered both ozone and UV resistant rubber ability to adapt to different climatic conditions.
Second, the installation method
1, the standard interface design, easy installation, no need to replace the wiper arm, directly replaced.
2, remove the old wiper, the wiper wear.
3, if there is oil on the windshield, wax, dirt and other foreign matter, clean after the first treatment used.
Third, the wiper use and maintenance guide
● Remove the windshield wiper sunny day with dust on the surface, be sure to spray the glass of water, not dry scrape.
● glass on the other stubborn, hard dirt, should clean up by hand. These things are easy to make wiper blades were injured, leading wiper scraping clean. Serious, wiper motor
Also be affected.
● washing and daily cleaning wiper films need to lift, run to get wiper blades to the "back", when put gently back, what will not be popping the wiper blade bounce.
● winter use, should be used to clean the windshield ice scraper ice surface, ballast, so as not to increase the wiper of the burden.
Fourth, the size before buying to be sure
Please Buyers carefully before using their own cars wiper size, to avoid trouble.
Fifth, the small data
Wiper-inch units and metric units were: 14 "- 350mm 16" - 400mm 18 "- 450mm 20" - 500mm 21 "- 525mm 22" - 550mm 24 "- 600mm 26" - 650mm
Have the skills to escape a car accident
With the increasing number of domestic private car owners, car security, more and more attention, in addition to the car's safety equipment, driver's driving habits and incidents under the treatment is also important.
Prerequisite for a successful escape of the three
1 correct driving posture: back buttocks close to the chair, so that the body and the chair seamless;
2 Fasten your seat belts: belts should be tied to the lower position of the hip bone, not tied to the abdomen; the upper shoulder is placed in the middle, around the clavicle position. Be sure to tighten the lower seat belt, fasten your seat belts, hear a "click" sound, but also re-affirmed.
3 calm, clear judgments.
Overturned after escape
Impact due to obstructions, resulting in car roll-over, should take the right escape.
1. Turn off: This is the most important operation;
2. Adjust the body: do not rush to unfasten their seat belts, adjust the posture should be. Specific position is: First hands shore roof, double pedal cars on both sides to live, to determine the body fixed in one hand and unfasten their seat belts, and slowly leaned down, turned and opened the door;
3. Watch: Make sure the vehicle is not dangerous, then escape door, to avoid cars parked in the danger zone, or next to the speeding vehicle hit;
4. Escape has: If two people take the front row, first-out staff should Fujia, because there is no steering wheel position Fujia, larger space, easy out;
5. Crack windows: If the door due to distortion or other reasons can not be opened, should be considered from windows to escape. If the windows are closed state, as soon as possible to crack the glass. As the front windshield of the structure is contained between the double glass resin, easy to crack, while the front and rear windows are constructed of glass network, crack a little piece of glass that is broken on the whole, therefore the application of professional hammer in the window glass corner of the beat.
Car into the water after escape
Recently, the water escape has become a focus of attention. Coaches have also done a detailed explanation.
1. Car into the water process, due to the front than the sink, it should try to escape from the back seat;
2. If the door does not open, the mechanical hand can roll down the windows after the escape from the windows;
3. For the present, most electric windows, rear window and into the water if you can not open the door, this time to stay calm, will face as close to the roof top, in order to ensure sufficient air, waiting for the water slowly from the car into the gap , the pressure balance inside and outside the car, the door can be opened to escape.
Prerequisite for a successful escape of the three
1 correct driving posture: back buttocks close to the chair, so that the body and the chair seamless;
2 Fasten your seat belts: belts should be tied to the lower position of the hip bone, not tied to the abdomen; the upper shoulder is placed in the middle, around the clavicle position. Be sure to tighten the lower seat belt, fasten your seat belts, hear a "click" sound, but also re-affirmed.
3 calm, clear judgments.
Overturned after escape
Impact due to obstructions, resulting in car roll-over, should take the right escape.
1. Turn off: This is the most important operation;
2. Adjust the body: do not rush to unfasten their seat belts, adjust the posture should be. Specific position is: First hands shore roof, double pedal cars on both sides to live, to determine the body fixed in one hand and unfasten their seat belts, and slowly leaned down, turned and opened the door;
3. Watch: Make sure the vehicle is not dangerous, then escape door, to avoid cars parked in the danger zone, or next to the speeding vehicle hit;
4. Escape has: If two people take the front row, first-out staff should Fujia, because there is no steering wheel position Fujia, larger space, easy out;
5. Crack windows: If the door due to distortion or other reasons can not be opened, should be considered from windows to escape. If the windows are closed state, as soon as possible to crack the glass. As the front windshield of the structure is contained between the double glass resin, easy to crack, while the front and rear windows are constructed of glass network, crack a little piece of glass that is broken on the whole, therefore the application of professional hammer in the window glass corner of the beat.
Car into the water after escape
Recently, the water escape has become a focus of attention. Coaches have also done a detailed explanation.
1. Car into the water process, due to the front than the sink, it should try to escape from the back seat;
2. If the door does not open, the mechanical hand can roll down the windows after the escape from the windows;
3. For the present, most electric windows, rear window and into the water if you can not open the door, this time to stay calm, will face as close to the roof top, in order to ensure sufficient air, waiting for the water slowly from the car into the gap , the pressure balance inside and outside the car, the door can be opened to escape.
Four-wheel drive mode of classification
Off-road vehicles and high-street sports cars often use four-wheel drive, four-wheel drive and we actually can be divided into the common three categories, each with advantages and disadvantages.
Timely drive:
In normal road will usually rear-wheel drive vehicle the way. The event of bad road or wheel slip, the computer will automatically detect and immediately the engine output torque distribution to the two front wheels, four-wheel drive switch to a natural state. Its greatest advantage is the simple, but because the use of computer control, the vehicle response will be slower. Time-wheel-drive sports car for cars and cities.
Full-time four-wheel drive:
This front wheel drive four-wheel drive mode is always maintained, the output torque of the engine driving the average setting on the front and rear wheels, front and rear wheels to maintain the same amount of torque. Full-time drive system has a good driving control and tracking of moving. However, this system of waste oil, the economy is poor. Full-time four-wheel drive for professional off-road vehicles.
Time-sharing four-wheel drive:
This is a driver and four-wheel drive in between the two four-wheel drive system manually selected by the driver according to road conditions, turn on or off by the sub-actuator to change two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive mode, is the most common driver model. The most significant advantage is based on the actual situation to select the drive mode, more economical. For time-sharing four-wheel drive SUV and non-professional off-road vehicles.
Timely drive:
In normal road will usually rear-wheel drive vehicle the way. The event of bad road or wheel slip, the computer will automatically detect and immediately the engine output torque distribution to the two front wheels, four-wheel drive switch to a natural state. Its greatest advantage is the simple, but because the use of computer control, the vehicle response will be slower. Time-wheel-drive sports car for cars and cities.
Full-time four-wheel drive:
This front wheel drive four-wheel drive mode is always maintained, the output torque of the engine driving the average setting on the front and rear wheels, front and rear wheels to maintain the same amount of torque. Full-time drive system has a good driving control and tracking of moving. However, this system of waste oil, the economy is poor. Full-time four-wheel drive for professional off-road vehicles.
Time-sharing four-wheel drive:
This is a driver and four-wheel drive in between the two four-wheel drive system manually selected by the driver according to road conditions, turn on or off by the sub-actuator to change two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive mode, is the most common driver model. The most significant advantage is based on the actual situation to select the drive mode, more economical. For time-sharing four-wheel drive SUV and non-professional off-road vehicles.
What is electronic stability control?
Reporters visited the 2007 North American International Auto Show to see, automotive safety systems continue to upgrade and improve function, is the major automobile manufacturers diligently pursued. Only from the braking system of active safety technology development, the following ABS (Antilock Braking System) as standard cars outside, EPB (electronic parking brake), ESC (electronic stability control system) has also been a large scale in used on the vehicle; especially the ESC, the United States Federal Security Agency announced this year for North America in the new car must be equipped with devices.
Currently, the car can match the global electronic stability control system, one of the two parts manufacturer Bosch, second, TRW, but the former call this system ESP, the latter statement by the U.S. Federal Security Agency called the ESC. So, mounted on the vehicle ESC system effectiveness of any security of magic?
January 10, reporters were invited to TRW Automotive Group North American winter test track, in a variety of flat road and drive on icy ramp installation with TRW's ESC system produced four models, the system automatically firsthand instability of the body to correct the super-safe protection.
Electronic stability control (ElectronicStabilityControl, referred to as ESC), is an auxiliary driving control of the vehicle's active safety technology that can automatically correct the instability of the body, help prevent accidents. ESC application of advanced sensor technology to determine the driver's intended direction of travel, the vehicle began to deviate from the road, the system starts interventions, the implementation of one or more wheel braking force to reduce the engine valve intervention, to guide the vehicle back to the correct line .
According to the 2004 fall release of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety study reports, ESC unit in the United States each year could save 7,000 lives and prevent 56% of single-vehicle rollover car accident. Studies have shown that, ESC technology to prevent accidents or reduce the severity of the accident have significant secondary effects. For this reason, ESC is the 2006 edition of all Audi, Nissan, Infiniti, Mercedes, Porsche, Chrysler SUV, the 2006 edition of all the standard; Cadillac, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lexus , Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo regarded ESC as optional equipment on all models; ESC after 2006 will become standard on all Honda models, General Motors has announced that starting in 2010, the ESC as standard.
ESC technology as the main development and production company, TRW's ESC system on the basis of the ABS system, traction control and yaw stability function. The system can monitor two aspects of information, one vehicle wheel speed, inertia, yaw acceleration; the second is through the driver's steering input, throttle and master cylinder pressure, and then selectively implement one or more tires braking force to help reduce the risk of the driver lost control. TRW is the world's best-selling 2006, the 40 passenger cars equipped with ESC, ESC of its latest generation of products --- EBC450 (passenger cars) and 455 (light trucks and SUV use) for a variety of vehicle types. TRW Automotive's chief engineer of electronic braking systems, said Thomas told reporters, TRW's ESC system consists of the standard model of inertia (yaw) sensors, angle sensors, wheel speed sensors and electro-hydraulic control unit (E Juan HCU), the control unit installed on the engine side, to receive information through a variety of sensors, automatic processing of information by the sensor on the wheel braking effect produced, and the vehicle driving direction via the steering wheel, the intensity control.
Currently, the car can match the global electronic stability control system, one of the two parts manufacturer Bosch, second, TRW, but the former call this system ESP, the latter statement by the U.S. Federal Security Agency called the ESC. So, mounted on the vehicle ESC system effectiveness of any security of magic?
January 10, reporters were invited to TRW Automotive Group North American winter test track, in a variety of flat road and drive on icy ramp installation with TRW's ESC system produced four models, the system automatically firsthand instability of the body to correct the super-safe protection.
Electronic stability control (ElectronicStabilityControl, referred to as ESC), is an auxiliary driving control of the vehicle's active safety technology that can automatically correct the instability of the body, help prevent accidents. ESC application of advanced sensor technology to determine the driver's intended direction of travel, the vehicle began to deviate from the road, the system starts interventions, the implementation of one or more wheel braking force to reduce the engine valve intervention, to guide the vehicle back to the correct line .
According to the 2004 fall release of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety study reports, ESC unit in the United States each year could save 7,000 lives and prevent 56% of single-vehicle rollover car accident. Studies have shown that, ESC technology to prevent accidents or reduce the severity of the accident have significant secondary effects. For this reason, ESC is the 2006 edition of all Audi, Nissan, Infiniti, Mercedes, Porsche, Chrysler SUV, the 2006 edition of all the standard; Cadillac, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lexus , Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo regarded ESC as optional equipment on all models; ESC after 2006 will become standard on all Honda models, General Motors has announced that starting in 2010, the ESC as standard.
ESC technology as the main development and production company, TRW's ESC system on the basis of the ABS system, traction control and yaw stability function. The system can monitor two aspects of information, one vehicle wheel speed, inertia, yaw acceleration; the second is through the driver's steering input, throttle and master cylinder pressure, and then selectively implement one or more tires braking force to help reduce the risk of the driver lost control. TRW is the world's best-selling 2006, the 40 passenger cars equipped with ESC, ESC of its latest generation of products --- EBC450 (passenger cars) and 455 (light trucks and SUV use) for a variety of vehicle types. TRW Automotive's chief engineer of electronic braking systems, said Thomas told reporters, TRW's ESC system consists of the standard model of inertia (yaw) sensors, angle sensors, wheel speed sensors and electro-hydraulic control unit (E Juan HCU), the control unit installed on the engine side, to receive information through a variety of sensors, automatic processing of information by the sensor on the wheel braking effect produced, and the vehicle driving direction via the steering wheel, the intensity control.
Limousine to see technology - Interpretation of the core technology limousine
As the saying goes: look with a midsize sedan, limousine see technology becoming more mature in the eyes of consumers of domestic high-class cars, real materials the use of technology is the benchmark for judging an advanced car, see "Technology" The key is to look at the car's "Big Three", that is, engine, chassis and gearbox, which is equivalent to three parts of the human heart, bones and nervous system, determine the real strength of a limousine.
A
Engine: V6 "temptation"
A good car, whether driving or riding, the most direct experience of the power comes from the engine. Said engine as a "heart of the car" more appropriate, vehicle power, economy, environmental protection is accomplished by it.
L4 and V6
Under normal circumstances, according to the size of the different engine displacement divided into three-cylinder, four-cylinder, six-, eight-cylinder types, and L4 (inline four-cylinder engine) and V6 (V-type six-cylinder engines) are more common. Currently, most of the domestic high-class cars are equipped with the main level L4, 2.8 or 3.0 only in their displacement was on the highest level with a V6 engine, while the sounds of nature, the crown, the Audi is more than its 2.3 displacement at all levels All vehicles equipped with V6. L4 engine has the advantage of low cost, cheap, but in terms of dynamic aspects, or from the comfort of smooth and quiet performance, and fuel consumption under the same displacement, a grade worse than the V6 a whole.
First, V6 engine for the car provides a powerful "heart" to provide high-end car owners need power. Compared to L4, V6 looks just added a two-cylinder, but it provides ample power is the same displacement of L4 far can not match.
V6 engine is smooth and quiet Another feature is the user for another intimate luxury car design. Compared to L4, the former not only to achieve mechanical equilibrium in the first-order (cylinder number is a multiple of 2), but also can achieve second-order balance (cylinder number is a multiple of 3), so running the most stable, minimal vibration, while the engine is running noise properties. The L4 will hear often in hard acceleration when the hoarse roar of the engine, causing the body shake people feel discomfort.
Love V6 luxury cars
It is noteworthy that, using the V6 engine models generally low speed high torque can be achieved, so that when the car is running at low speed for greater traction. Driven a car people who have come to realize: just start the car, or a low speed acceleration is most needed to provide traction to drag the rest of the body. Sounds of nature such as VQ-series V6 engine cars per minute at 3600 rpm and 318 Newton meters will be able to demonstrate high-torque, and torque output is basically no more than 270-320 range, very smooth. The general speed of the engine in this 200 Newton meters only, while the torque output of the range should be more than 70. Currently, 1.3L-2.3L displacement of the intermediate or high-class cars they use inline four-cylinder engine, while the 2.3L displacement of more than commonly used multi-cylinder design, power, stability, comfort and all have a guarantee, which BMW inline six-cylinder, but also the Audi V-type six-cylinder, V6 engine can be said is a sign of luxury cars.
V6-leading technology to help force
Is also a V6 engine, both in the design, manufacture, process or in the performance or different. It is worth mentioning that only in the domestic car Teana and Audi A6L has won the world's top ten of the most advanced engines to China. In particular, the sounds of nature of the VQ series V6 engine, the only world for twelve years was selected as one of the top ten engines, torque and horsepower in the area are extremely superior, can match only with a 3.2-liter BMW inline 6-cylinder engine. Its simple structure makes work more efficient, shorter throttle response, so it not only in time of need can be abundant in an instant burst of power, when running at low speed can produce a greater torque. In contrast, the recently listed some of the Japanese cars, with its 2.0-liter and 2.4 liter two engines are only 16-valve inline 4-cylinder VVT-i engine, strictly speaking, can only count a generation products, regardless of is the torque and power performance V6 engine there is not a small gap.
A
Engine: V6 "temptation"
A good car, whether driving or riding, the most direct experience of the power comes from the engine. Said engine as a "heart of the car" more appropriate, vehicle power, economy, environmental protection is accomplished by it.
L4 and V6
Under normal circumstances, according to the size of the different engine displacement divided into three-cylinder, four-cylinder, six-, eight-cylinder types, and L4 (inline four-cylinder engine) and V6 (V-type six-cylinder engines) are more common. Currently, most of the domestic high-class cars are equipped with the main level L4, 2.8 or 3.0 only in their displacement was on the highest level with a V6 engine, while the sounds of nature, the crown, the Audi is more than its 2.3 displacement at all levels All vehicles equipped with V6. L4 engine has the advantage of low cost, cheap, but in terms of dynamic aspects, or from the comfort of smooth and quiet performance, and fuel consumption under the same displacement, a grade worse than the V6 a whole.
First, V6 engine for the car provides a powerful "heart" to provide high-end car owners need power. Compared to L4, V6 looks just added a two-cylinder, but it provides ample power is the same displacement of L4 far can not match.
V6 engine is smooth and quiet Another feature is the user for another intimate luxury car design. Compared to L4, the former not only to achieve mechanical equilibrium in the first-order (cylinder number is a multiple of 2), but also can achieve second-order balance (cylinder number is a multiple of 3), so running the most stable, minimal vibration, while the engine is running noise properties. The L4 will hear often in hard acceleration when the hoarse roar of the engine, causing the body shake people feel discomfort.
Love V6 luxury cars
It is noteworthy that, using the V6 engine models generally low speed high torque can be achieved, so that when the car is running at low speed for greater traction. Driven a car people who have come to realize: just start the car, or a low speed acceleration is most needed to provide traction to drag the rest of the body. Sounds of nature such as VQ-series V6 engine cars per minute at 3600 rpm and 318 Newton meters will be able to demonstrate high-torque, and torque output is basically no more than 270-320 range, very smooth. The general speed of the engine in this 200 Newton meters only, while the torque output of the range should be more than 70. Currently, 1.3L-2.3L displacement of the intermediate or high-class cars they use inline four-cylinder engine, while the 2.3L displacement of more than commonly used multi-cylinder design, power, stability, comfort and all have a guarantee, which BMW inline six-cylinder, but also the Audi V-type six-cylinder, V6 engine can be said is a sign of luxury cars.
V6-leading technology to help force
Is also a V6 engine, both in the design, manufacture, process or in the performance or different. It is worth mentioning that only in the domestic car Teana and Audi A6L has won the world's top ten of the most advanced engines to China. In particular, the sounds of nature of the VQ series V6 engine, the only world for twelve years was selected as one of the top ten engines, torque and horsepower in the area are extremely superior, can match only with a 3.2-liter BMW inline 6-cylinder engine. Its simple structure makes work more efficient, shorter throttle response, so it not only in time of need can be abundant in an instant burst of power, when running at low speed can produce a greater torque. In contrast, the recently listed some of the Japanese cars, with its 2.0-liter and 2.4 liter two engines are only 16-valve inline 4-cylinder VVT-i engine, strictly speaking, can only count a generation products, regardless of is the torque and power performance V6 engine there is not a small gap.
POLO Jin, Jin resolved to take the engine
POLO Jin Jin motivation to take 16V-HLD engine with the public at SAIC joint venture engine plant in pond building, is currently only achieve Euro 4 emissions standard, compact car engine, its production, processing, measuring the level of within the public system, not only in Germany is the most advanced, and also reached the world class level.
POLO strong feelings, strength to take the engine as this plant is the first strategic product, in addition to advanced, the Shanghai Volkswagen's development team also has to consider the expansion of its future.
As the compact car consumer cost sensitivity, so POLO strong feelings, the engine strength to take another development principle is economical, reliable, maintenance-free.
16V-HLD engine with a new chain drive instead of the traditional toothed belt drive. Compared with the traditional belt drive, chain drive system with a maintenance-free design, silent chain and automatic tensioner with hydraulic body that can effectively reduce the operation noise.
In the practical performance, fuel quality for domestic instability, higher levels of gum problems, POLO Jin situation, POLO Jin taking the intake manifold (including the inlet) are the optimal design, while increasing the engine control control of the throttle body self-cleaning function, not only to better adapt to China's use of the environment and road conditions, and improved torque characteristics. 1.4L maximum torque of 130N · m, while the 1.6L maximum power and torque are up to 77kw, 155N · m, 2000 rpm will be able to export most torque.
Environmental performance, both engines fully meet the current National III standards, to achieve the Euro IV emission levels.
In fuel consumption, 1.4L manual transmission fuel consumption down to the origin of the 5.8L 5.0L, 6.2L automatic from the original down to 5.5L; as the 6.0L from 1.6L manual transmission down to 5.5L, automatic transmission from the 6.2L down to 5.7L. In weight to nearly 12 kg cases, fuel consumption and emissions of Japanese cars with similar.
POLO strong feelings, strength to take the engine as this plant is the first strategic product, in addition to advanced, the Shanghai Volkswagen's development team also has to consider the expansion of its future.
As the compact car consumer cost sensitivity, so POLO strong feelings, the engine strength to take another development principle is economical, reliable, maintenance-free.
16V-HLD engine with a new chain drive instead of the traditional toothed belt drive. Compared with the traditional belt drive, chain drive system with a maintenance-free design, silent chain and automatic tensioner with hydraulic body that can effectively reduce the operation noise.
In the practical performance, fuel quality for domestic instability, higher levels of gum problems, POLO Jin situation, POLO Jin taking the intake manifold (including the inlet) are the optimal design, while increasing the engine control control of the throttle body self-cleaning function, not only to better adapt to China's use of the environment and road conditions, and improved torque characteristics. 1.4L maximum torque of 130N · m, while the 1.6L maximum power and torque are up to 77kw, 155N · m, 2000 rpm will be able to export most torque.
Environmental performance, both engines fully meet the current National III standards, to achieve the Euro IV emission levels.
In fuel consumption, 1.4L manual transmission fuel consumption down to the origin of the 5.8L 5.0L, 6.2L automatic from the original down to 5.5L; as the 6.0L from 1.6L manual transmission down to 5.5L, automatic transmission from the 6.2L down to 5.7L. In weight to nearly 12 kg cases, fuel consumption and emissions of Japanese cars with similar.
Excessive tire wear analysis of the three main
Often encounter a lot of owners asking why their tires wear out faster than others, always seem to, why the same brand and model of car, others do not have to change tires in 2023, while he was open for a year, store it requirements for tire?
1, the tire pressure for long periods of normal
Tire pressure is the life of tires, air pressure is too low, matrix deformation increases, sidewall prone to cracks, which leads to excessive heat, prompting rubber aging, fatigue, ply, cord broken.
Pressure is too low, but also to accelerate the tire contact area increases tire shoulder wear; pressure is too high, over-done by the tire cord deformation, matrix elasticity, making the car in motion by the load increases, in the case will have impact within the crack and burst, while high pressure will accelerate tread wear, rolling resistance and enable performance.
2, the front wheel are not allowed
Front wheel greatly influenced the life of the tire, and especially the front toe and the front wheel as the main factor extraversion. Main front wheel camber will accelerate tire wear that partial shoulder wear; front toe is mainly accelerated tire wear outside.
3, bad driving habits
Drivers in the road in addition to handling cases, to choose the road, to avoid sharp stones, glass, metal, etc. may be punctured tire and scratches, Chemical Spills substances to avoid the adhesion of the tire, the tire to avoid corrosion; driving camber of the road in large, we should try to center driving, avoid and reduce vehicle center of gravity shift, reducing the load side of the tire increases leaving uneven tire wear; reasonable load is basic common sense, under normal circumstances, 20% overload tire life by 30%, 40% tire life overloading reduced by 50%; another sharp turn, emergency braking, high-speed start and hard acceleration tire so the damage will have an impact, the driver in the road to be avoided.
1, the tire pressure for long periods of normal
Tire pressure is the life of tires, air pressure is too low, matrix deformation increases, sidewall prone to cracks, which leads to excessive heat, prompting rubber aging, fatigue, ply, cord broken.
Pressure is too low, but also to accelerate the tire contact area increases tire shoulder wear; pressure is too high, over-done by the tire cord deformation, matrix elasticity, making the car in motion by the load increases, in the case will have impact within the crack and burst, while high pressure will accelerate tread wear, rolling resistance and enable performance.
2, the front wheel are not allowed
Front wheel greatly influenced the life of the tire, and especially the front toe and the front wheel as the main factor extraversion. Main front wheel camber will accelerate tire wear that partial shoulder wear; front toe is mainly accelerated tire wear outside.
3, bad driving habits
Drivers in the road in addition to handling cases, to choose the road, to avoid sharp stones, glass, metal, etc. may be punctured tire and scratches, Chemical Spills substances to avoid the adhesion of the tire, the tire to avoid corrosion; driving camber of the road in large, we should try to center driving, avoid and reduce vehicle center of gravity shift, reducing the load side of the tire increases leaving uneven tire wear; reasonable load is basic common sense, under normal circumstances, 20% overload tire life by 30%, 40% tire life overloading reduced by 50%; another sharp turn, emergency braking, high-speed start and hard acceleration tire so the damage will have an impact, the driver in the road to be avoided.
Increase the brightness of the lights to enhance the driving safety
Into the spring, more frequent rain on the already too many bright lights is not the owners of misfortunes, the rain reduces the light penetration, while the water of a highly reflective surface for night driving the driver is causing serious vision disorders. Enhance the brightness of the lights at this time become the most pressing issue.
Desirable to enhance the power
The easiest way to credit the power of nature is to increase the headlights, this approach although less expensive and simple construction, but the effect is limited and there is a certain risk. The headlights will be replaced by 50W 100W, brightness, and not simply be doubled. On the contrary, the power increases, the damage caused by a corresponding increase in the line, causing line fever, accelerated aging of the wire, the voltage across the lamp will drop. Do most of the result: an increase of only a little light, but will lead to the line load increases, buried accidents, and there is shade and light bowl caused due to high temperature deformation, discoloration of the danger.
HID poor rainy season
HID gas discharge lamp is usually known as xenon lights. Advantages of high brightness, high color temperature, long life, low energy consumption; disadvantage is the high price, easy installation, forced conversion of the xenon lamp with light led to the original car does not meet national standards, and able to meet the standards of the original lighting fixtures prices surprisingly high. The main problem is the high color temperature HID lights, resulting in light penetration in the rain and fog weather even worse than ordinary lights, therefore, not recommended.
Good intelligence booster effect
Now there is a market called smart car headlight booster products. It uses the method of constant pressure headlamp separately constant voltage, to enhance the light intensity, and does not change with engine speed does not change the original vehicle headlamps with light, without increasing the load of the original car lines, safe and practical.
Smart car headlight booster via the built-in high performance power components, power components from the car (12V cars) the unstable power supply (10V-15V) for filtering, isolation, boost, stabilized for the Headlamp best work alone to provide a constant voltage (14.1V). This voltage is in line with international standards, car headlights when working in the voltage maximum luminous efficiency, color temperature close to daylight, the human eye fatigue, and loss of life headlight less than 15%.
Smart car headlight booster for a variety of models with many rules of the connector, the common market models can be easily modified. Work only: to find a suitable location fixed booster, then two lines to the battery pole, and then plug connectors can be good. Generally speaking, the regular market price of similar products in about 400 yuan -600 yuan, manufacturers should provide a period of quality assurance.
Desirable to enhance the power
The easiest way to credit the power of nature is to increase the headlights, this approach although less expensive and simple construction, but the effect is limited and there is a certain risk. The headlights will be replaced by 50W 100W, brightness, and not simply be doubled. On the contrary, the power increases, the damage caused by a corresponding increase in the line, causing line fever, accelerated aging of the wire, the voltage across the lamp will drop. Do most of the result: an increase of only a little light, but will lead to the line load increases, buried accidents, and there is shade and light bowl caused due to high temperature deformation, discoloration of the danger.
HID poor rainy season
HID gas discharge lamp is usually known as xenon lights. Advantages of high brightness, high color temperature, long life, low energy consumption; disadvantage is the high price, easy installation, forced conversion of the xenon lamp with light led to the original car does not meet national standards, and able to meet the standards of the original lighting fixtures prices surprisingly high. The main problem is the high color temperature HID lights, resulting in light penetration in the rain and fog weather even worse than ordinary lights, therefore, not recommended.
Good intelligence booster effect
Now there is a market called smart car headlight booster products. It uses the method of constant pressure headlamp separately constant voltage, to enhance the light intensity, and does not change with engine speed does not change the original vehicle headlamps with light, without increasing the load of the original car lines, safe and practical.
Smart car headlight booster via the built-in high performance power components, power components from the car (12V cars) the unstable power supply (10V-15V) for filtering, isolation, boost, stabilized for the Headlamp best work alone to provide a constant voltage (14.1V). This voltage is in line with international standards, car headlights when working in the voltage maximum luminous efficiency, color temperature close to daylight, the human eye fatigue, and loss of life headlight less than 15%.
Smart car headlight booster for a variety of models with many rules of the connector, the common market models can be easily modified. Work only: to find a suitable location fixed booster, then two lines to the battery pole, and then plug connectors can be good. Generally speaking, the regular market price of similar products in about 400 yuan -600 yuan, manufacturers should provide a period of quality assurance.
Good "core" car that everyone likes a good money how to choose the engine?
Many dealers reflect the growing number of consumers in the purchase of cars, in addition to requirements of cars have stylish, comfortable interior and configuration, but also particularly focus on whether the car has a strong "core."
But they also mentioned that most consumers will only ask to engine displacement, power, power in order to infer whether strong, fuel consumption is low.
In fact, from a professional point of view, the engine's performance to determine much more.
Why are there more and more people concerned about the car, "core" mean?
Power "core" source
Dynamic measure of whether a person often is to look at his heart is strong. So many people dream of their future, "the age of 60, the three-year-old heart."
Indeed, the biological individual, the heart's role is irreplaceable. On the one hand, it is satisfied that the new old spit, that carry blood to the lungs, carbon dioxide, load fresh oxygen; the other hand, oxygen-rich blood pumped by the heart to the body, providing nutrients needed by the body, and take away of waste. A healthy heart, every minute by a stable and regular beating rhythm in strenuous exercise, the heart's blood volume can be increased to normal within seconds four times.
The car's engine is like the heart of the car. Car in order to run, run good, you can not do without the strong support of the engine.
Car use a more complex condition: in urban driving, the red light stop green light, especially during rush hour, the car can maintain speeds of 50 km has been considered a miracle, and then frequently after starting the engine, braking, frequent speed, as if the 50 m shuttle run at the heart of the working state, there must be a strong explosive moments; in the mountains and bad roads, often because of changing road conditions, engine operating speed and sometimes in, sometimes at low speed, like when the steeplechase the heart of the working conditions, necessary to maintain a certain speed, but also to protect the power output stream; on the highway, the engine at high speed, like a marathon race in the heart of the working state, it is necessary to ensure that there is a strong power output and the output of persistence, but also save energy.
How to choose a good engine?
Good "core" selection guide
In order to obtain an ideal engine status and fuel consumption, the well-known automobile manufacturers paid a persistent effort. Although the automobile engine technology has become quite mature and stable state, but every effort will be for the better driving continuous improvement of life and surprises, for example, has just won the "'Chinese heart '2006 Ten Best Engines" the title of Shanghai GM LaCrosse Ecotec D-VVT 2.4L engine, is one of the most outstanding one, its unique D-VVT intake and exhaust valve dual continuous variable timing system is more efficient than most current list can be used in the intake valve change when the system is greatly improved, with a low rpm torque and high rpm the outstanding characteristics of high power, this engine 2400rpm, low rpm area can have 90% of peak torque, significantly improved daily driving dynamic performance, enhance the responsiveness of the engine, saving fuel, and compared with the displacement of the car engine, its power is more powerful, more fuel economy, performance, more durable.
Powerful is the preferred
Others commented that fear is driving, "added the meat grinding," in addition to unskilled driving, the engine of the factors that can not be ignored, a good engine, which affect more than half a car's overall performance.
Many people say that driving the highest state of "car move your feet," "unity of people and vehicles", in fact, is to ask the same engine as the Liangshan heroes who, when the strong stronger, while the car is "action such as rabbits, static if at the child. "
The selection of a desirable engine, first thing to consider is whether the engine has plenty of power output, would like a young heart. In city driving, the engine would have to show is very energetic, running more smoothly, brings a feeling of complete relaxation. Foot depresses the accelerator, the engine power of emotion and feels like there is a strong reserve forces in support, to fully experience the fun of driving.
But they also mentioned that most consumers will only ask to engine displacement, power, power in order to infer whether strong, fuel consumption is low.
In fact, from a professional point of view, the engine's performance to determine much more.
Why are there more and more people concerned about the car, "core" mean?
Power "core" source
Dynamic measure of whether a person often is to look at his heart is strong. So many people dream of their future, "the age of 60, the three-year-old heart."
Indeed, the biological individual, the heart's role is irreplaceable. On the one hand, it is satisfied that the new old spit, that carry blood to the lungs, carbon dioxide, load fresh oxygen; the other hand, oxygen-rich blood pumped by the heart to the body, providing nutrients needed by the body, and take away of waste. A healthy heart, every minute by a stable and regular beating rhythm in strenuous exercise, the heart's blood volume can be increased to normal within seconds four times.
The car's engine is like the heart of the car. Car in order to run, run good, you can not do without the strong support of the engine.
Car use a more complex condition: in urban driving, the red light stop green light, especially during rush hour, the car can maintain speeds of 50 km has been considered a miracle, and then frequently after starting the engine, braking, frequent speed, as if the 50 m shuttle run at the heart of the working state, there must be a strong explosive moments; in the mountains and bad roads, often because of changing road conditions, engine operating speed and sometimes in, sometimes at low speed, like when the steeplechase the heart of the working conditions, necessary to maintain a certain speed, but also to protect the power output stream; on the highway, the engine at high speed, like a marathon race in the heart of the working state, it is necessary to ensure that there is a strong power output and the output of persistence, but also save energy.
How to choose a good engine?
Good "core" selection guide
In order to obtain an ideal engine status and fuel consumption, the well-known automobile manufacturers paid a persistent effort. Although the automobile engine technology has become quite mature and stable state, but every effort will be for the better driving continuous improvement of life and surprises, for example, has just won the "'Chinese heart '2006 Ten Best Engines" the title of Shanghai GM LaCrosse Ecotec D-VVT 2.4L engine, is one of the most outstanding one, its unique D-VVT intake and exhaust valve dual continuous variable timing system is more efficient than most current list can be used in the intake valve change when the system is greatly improved, with a low rpm torque and high rpm the outstanding characteristics of high power, this engine 2400rpm, low rpm area can have 90% of peak torque, significantly improved daily driving dynamic performance, enhance the responsiveness of the engine, saving fuel, and compared with the displacement of the car engine, its power is more powerful, more fuel economy, performance, more durable.
Powerful is the preferred
Others commented that fear is driving, "added the meat grinding," in addition to unskilled driving, the engine of the factors that can not be ignored, a good engine, which affect more than half a car's overall performance.
Many people say that driving the highest state of "car move your feet," "unity of people and vehicles", in fact, is to ask the same engine as the Liangshan heroes who, when the strong stronger, while the car is "action such as rabbits, static if at the child. "
The selection of a desirable engine, first thing to consider is whether the engine has plenty of power output, would like a young heart. In city driving, the engine would have to show is very energetic, running more smoothly, brings a feeling of complete relaxation. Foot depresses the accelerator, the engine power of emotion and feels like there is a strong reserve forces in support, to fully experience the fun of driving.
The most popular engine - Volkswagen FSI and TFSI Profile
FSI is "Fuel Stratified Injection" acronym, which means fuel stratified injection, also known as "gasoline direct injection." Is the mass of its first diesel engine cylinder direct injection gasoline engine technology into the field of a revolutionary innovation. In layman's terms is to separate gasoline and air into the combustion chamber, air-fuel ratio control is more precise, which makes the combustion more complete, in order to achieve more fuel-efficient, more environmentally friendly goals.
FSI petrol direct injection gasoline engine technology represents the latest development. Usually uses a gasoline engine and air intake manifold in the mixture into the combustion chamber, and sucked gasoline direct injection gasoline directly into the combustion chamber, through the uniform combustion and stratified combustion, reduced fuel consumption , power is also greatly improved.
FSI engine with variable intake manifold, controlled by the electronic system air flow required to achieve a non-adjustable throttle deterioration and improve the volumetric efficiency, resulting in higher power per liter, while the dynamic response of the engine becomes more directly and quickly.
Accompanied by a variable intake manifold intake valve guide, by a stepper motor to adjust its position so that you can according to engine speed and load conditions to properly control the air flow and swirl. Fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber evenly distributed, can naturally enhance the power, so in the larger engine speed range on each operating point can be quickly and fully burning.
FSI technology, fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber, nozzle position from the intake manifold directly to security in the combustion chamber at the top, high pressure solenoid injector fuel injection time control will be in thousandths of seconds. All share a build cylinder pressure device - common rail system. Nozzle on the fuel supply control can be accurate to milliseconds, up to 110 bar injection pressure, and manifold pressure jet injection system only between 4 bar to 6 bar.
Spray nozzle are controlled in time within a thousandth of a second, the fuel in the most appropriate time directly into the combustion chamber, through the special geometry of the combustion chamber, so that the mixture can produce a strong vortex full of air and gasoline Hybrid. Then the area around the spark plug can have darker mixture, other surrounding areas have a more dilute mixture, to ensure smooth ignition in the case of as much as possible to achieve lean combustion. This is the essence of stratified combustion. Another advantage of direct injection engine ignition cut off after the mixture to the cylinder wall and cylinder head cooling, which reduces the engine's heat loss.
The principle of direct injection gasoline engine can be characterized by two different oiling patterns, that is layered and uniform oiling oiling patterns. In the half-open throttle condition, the hierarchical approach can be fully grease the economic benefits of fuel, because then only in the spark plug only needs around oil and gas-rich gas mixture can be triggered. Elsewhere in the combustion chamber only into the air with a high percentage of oil and gas mixture. In everyday driving conditions, the direct injection gasoline engine technology, fuel economy will be more significant, because the driver can continuously back and forth and even replace the use of hierarchical oiling oiling the two modes. Direct injection gasoline engine fuel injection technology has been able to achieve the layered principle, because it can control the combustion chamber fuel injection process, and before the completion of the trigger directly into the fuel. This can significantly reduce the burning of the fuel required - which is the most important economic engine FSI prerequisite.
Four-valve cylinder head uses low-friction roller cam tappet valve train, the geometry of the inlet from the naturally aspirated FSI engine, which can produce a stronger swirl, both to ensure the accuracy of the work but also improve the anti- knock level, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the engine. Therefore, the turbocharged engine's compression ratio up to 10.5:1, this figure was only naturally aspirated engine to achieve, with manifold injection engines and conventional turbo engines compared to the compression ratio and gasoline direct injection of superior performance is to improve the thermal efficiency of the key factors.
Double the speed of rotation of the crankshaft balancer shaft offset from the two engines used to power within the movement, and to ensure a high standard of low-noise engine, four-cylinder engine can achieve the best state. Gasoline direct injection technology, the most significant advantage is in providing greater power and torque while improving fuel economy and reduced emissions.
FSI engine provides greater power and torque, while further improving the engine's fuel economy and lower emissions. With the same engine displacement compared to the traditional, FSI engine has significantly lower fuel consumption, increasing energy shortage today more than ever to their advantage.
In recent years the application of evidence, in the same displacement, FSI than traditional MFI (multi-point fuel injection intake manifold) significantly increased power, higher power and torque output, fuel consumption can be reduced by 15%, in order to achieve the engine power and fuel economy of the perfect combination of today's automotive engine technology is the most mature and most advanced fuel injection technology, and lead and extended the gasoline engine trends.
By the FSI engine series inspired by the success, the public and then launched with turbocharger (Turbocharged) of the TFSI engine series.
TFSI engine series retains the abbreviation FSI goes without saying that it is still "gasoline direct injection." But abandoned the stratified charge mode and committed to improving the power and torque. Replaced by a homogeneous inflated and turbo mode effects. Hierarchical model that TFSI canceled and nitrogen oxide sensor, focusing more on higher power and speed brought about by the traction and driving pleasure and exceptional economy.
FSI petrol direct injection gasoline engine technology represents the latest development. Usually uses a gasoline engine and air intake manifold in the mixture into the combustion chamber, and sucked gasoline direct injection gasoline directly into the combustion chamber, through the uniform combustion and stratified combustion, reduced fuel consumption , power is also greatly improved.
FSI engine with variable intake manifold, controlled by the electronic system air flow required to achieve a non-adjustable throttle deterioration and improve the volumetric efficiency, resulting in higher power per liter, while the dynamic response of the engine becomes more directly and quickly.
Accompanied by a variable intake manifold intake valve guide, by a stepper motor to adjust its position so that you can according to engine speed and load conditions to properly control the air flow and swirl. Fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber evenly distributed, can naturally enhance the power, so in the larger engine speed range on each operating point can be quickly and fully burning.
FSI technology, fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber, nozzle position from the intake manifold directly to security in the combustion chamber at the top, high pressure solenoid injector fuel injection time control will be in thousandths of seconds. All share a build cylinder pressure device - common rail system. Nozzle on the fuel supply control can be accurate to milliseconds, up to 110 bar injection pressure, and manifold pressure jet injection system only between 4 bar to 6 bar.
Spray nozzle are controlled in time within a thousandth of a second, the fuel in the most appropriate time directly into the combustion chamber, through the special geometry of the combustion chamber, so that the mixture can produce a strong vortex full of air and gasoline Hybrid. Then the area around the spark plug can have darker mixture, other surrounding areas have a more dilute mixture, to ensure smooth ignition in the case of as much as possible to achieve lean combustion. This is the essence of stratified combustion. Another advantage of direct injection engine ignition cut off after the mixture to the cylinder wall and cylinder head cooling, which reduces the engine's heat loss.
The principle of direct injection gasoline engine can be characterized by two different oiling patterns, that is layered and uniform oiling oiling patterns. In the half-open throttle condition, the hierarchical approach can be fully grease the economic benefits of fuel, because then only in the spark plug only needs around oil and gas-rich gas mixture can be triggered. Elsewhere in the combustion chamber only into the air with a high percentage of oil and gas mixture. In everyday driving conditions, the direct injection gasoline engine technology, fuel economy will be more significant, because the driver can continuously back and forth and even replace the use of hierarchical oiling oiling the two modes. Direct injection gasoline engine fuel injection technology has been able to achieve the layered principle, because it can control the combustion chamber fuel injection process, and before the completion of the trigger directly into the fuel. This can significantly reduce the burning of the fuel required - which is the most important economic engine FSI prerequisite.
Four-valve cylinder head uses low-friction roller cam tappet valve train, the geometry of the inlet from the naturally aspirated FSI engine, which can produce a stronger swirl, both to ensure the accuracy of the work but also improve the anti- knock level, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the engine. Therefore, the turbocharged engine's compression ratio up to 10.5:1, this figure was only naturally aspirated engine to achieve, with manifold injection engines and conventional turbo engines compared to the compression ratio and gasoline direct injection of superior performance is to improve the thermal efficiency of the key factors.
Double the speed of rotation of the crankshaft balancer shaft offset from the two engines used to power within the movement, and to ensure a high standard of low-noise engine, four-cylinder engine can achieve the best state. Gasoline direct injection technology, the most significant advantage is in providing greater power and torque while improving fuel economy and reduced emissions.
FSI engine provides greater power and torque, while further improving the engine's fuel economy and lower emissions. With the same engine displacement compared to the traditional, FSI engine has significantly lower fuel consumption, increasing energy shortage today more than ever to their advantage.
In recent years the application of evidence, in the same displacement, FSI than traditional MFI (multi-point fuel injection intake manifold) significantly increased power, higher power and torque output, fuel consumption can be reduced by 15%, in order to achieve the engine power and fuel economy of the perfect combination of today's automotive engine technology is the most mature and most advanced fuel injection technology, and lead and extended the gasoline engine trends.
By the FSI engine series inspired by the success, the public and then launched with turbocharger (Turbocharged) of the TFSI engine series.
TFSI engine series retains the abbreviation FSI goes without saying that it is still "gasoline direct injection." But abandoned the stratified charge mode and committed to improving the power and torque. Replaced by a homogeneous inflated and turbo mode effects. Hierarchical model that TFSI canceled and nitrogen oxide sensor, focusing more on higher power and speed brought about by the traction and driving pleasure and exceptional economy.
Doors, windows and their accessories and seals
Body of the vehicle door is one of the important parts. Their turn can be divided into cis-open, against the open, horizontal mobile, flip-up and folding several.
Along the open door even when driving in the car can take the pressure off the air, more secure, and easy to observe the driver in the back when reversing, it is widely used. Against the open door in a moving vehicle can be lax if the head off red open air, and thus used less, generally just get on and off in order to improve convenience and welcome ceremony for the circumstances need to use. The level of the advantages of mobile door body wall and the obstacle distance is smaller still all open. Flip-up door is widely used as a back door passenger car and light, but also used in low cars. Folding doors are widely used in large and medium-sized passenger cars.
In some large passenger cars, are also available to accelerate the evacuation scene of the accident and to facilitate the safety of rescue workers to enter the door.
Car, truck and bus driver's cab door and out the door from the outside sheet is usually, sheet metal door, window frames (the car is also equipped with some triangular window) and so on. Sheet metal door installation of various accessories substrate. Its equipped with: door hinge, lift the glass and the rail, glass lifts, door locks, opening the door stopper and other accessories. Some car door is also furnished with heating and ventilation ducts closed Tape player stereo speakers, and so on.
Door hinge mounted on the body by the shell. Traveling in the car, the body shell will produce repeated torsion. To avoid this situation in the door and door frame friction noise, the door and left a large gap between the door frame, by the rubber seal to seal the gap.
Car before the rear window is usually beneficial and beautiful view of the curved glass, by the rubber seal on the window frame or embedded in a special adhesive paste in the window frame. In order to facilitate natural ventilation, the car side windows are usually on or under the before and after the move.
Between the glass and the slide with woolen cloth or rubber materials such as flocking seal groove. Some cars also used in favor of auto side window arrangement of cylindrical glass. Reduce the use of tinted side windows or insulation and thermal layer can have a leisurely quiet indoor comfort.
Has a perfect air-conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment, advanced passenger side windows will often not move designed to improve the body's seal.
Along the open door even when driving in the car can take the pressure off the air, more secure, and easy to observe the driver in the back when reversing, it is widely used. Against the open door in a moving vehicle can be lax if the head off red open air, and thus used less, generally just get on and off in order to improve convenience and welcome ceremony for the circumstances need to use. The level of the advantages of mobile door body wall and the obstacle distance is smaller still all open. Flip-up door is widely used as a back door passenger car and light, but also used in low cars. Folding doors are widely used in large and medium-sized passenger cars.
In some large passenger cars, are also available to accelerate the evacuation scene of the accident and to facilitate the safety of rescue workers to enter the door.
Car, truck and bus driver's cab door and out the door from the outside sheet is usually, sheet metal door, window frames (the car is also equipped with some triangular window) and so on. Sheet metal door installation of various accessories substrate. Its equipped with: door hinge, lift the glass and the rail, glass lifts, door locks, opening the door stopper and other accessories. Some car door is also furnished with heating and ventilation ducts closed Tape player stereo speakers, and so on.
Door hinge mounted on the body by the shell. Traveling in the car, the body shell will produce repeated torsion. To avoid this situation in the door and door frame friction noise, the door and left a large gap between the door frame, by the rubber seal to seal the gap.
Car before the rear window is usually beneficial and beautiful view of the curved glass, by the rubber seal on the window frame or embedded in a special adhesive paste in the window frame. In order to facilitate natural ventilation, the car side windows are usually on or under the before and after the move.
Between the glass and the slide with woolen cloth or rubber materials such as flocking seal groove. Some cars also used in favor of auto side window arrangement of cylindrical glass. Reduce the use of tinted side windows or insulation and thermal layer can have a leisurely quiet indoor comfort.
Has a perfect air-conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment, advanced passenger side windows will often not move designed to improve the body's seal.
Affixed to the car solar film: both beautiful and practical
Many owners of friends all know, in the hot summer sun film paste can reduce the temperature inside the vehicle, reducing the burden on air conditioning, but it played a good decorative effect must also pay attention to the color of solar film and body colors and models properly. If the blind pursuit of "popular", "fashion", it may not reach the desired effect.
Today, there are four body colors, namely white, black, red, blue. Best use of colorful light-colored car Solar films, such films are mostly transparent, it will not affect the insulation effect. Now available in the market as a strong white heat insulation performance of solar film, but it looks difficult to detect. Through the transparent window, the vehicle looks particularly clean. But it is high transparency, some people do not like. Another blue, green and gray colors, if he is also very light, then they are, not attached to any car ugly.
The color film from the car after the posted results of view, it should be said that the more light the better. But when in the selection of color should be noted, can not see the depth in the sun, and to place it in the window, and the car doors and windows closed.
Solar Films insulation is the key, but the naked eye and the hand is difficult to distinguish, you can by a simple experiment to make some comparison: in a tungsten film put a close to the quality of glass, with feel a trace of heat; and replaced by another one close to the poor quality film of glass, hand immediately felt hot, so clearly the pros and cons on.
High-quality insulation on the market today there are explosion-proof membrane numerous advantages: lower glare of the sun, extending the life of the interior, security grassroots prevent flying glass burst, automatically adjust the interior lighting, suitable for the weather.
Today, there are four body colors, namely white, black, red, blue. Best use of colorful light-colored car Solar films, such films are mostly transparent, it will not affect the insulation effect. Now available in the market as a strong white heat insulation performance of solar film, but it looks difficult to detect. Through the transparent window, the vehicle looks particularly clean. But it is high transparency, some people do not like. Another blue, green and gray colors, if he is also very light, then they are, not attached to any car ugly.
The color film from the car after the posted results of view, it should be said that the more light the better. But when in the selection of color should be noted, can not see the depth in the sun, and to place it in the window, and the car doors and windows closed.
Solar Films insulation is the key, but the naked eye and the hand is difficult to distinguish, you can by a simple experiment to make some comparison: in a tungsten film put a close to the quality of glass, with feel a trace of heat; and replaced by another one close to the poor quality film of glass, hand immediately felt hot, so clearly the pros and cons on.
High-quality insulation on the market today there are explosion-proof membrane numerous advantages: lower glare of the sun, extending the life of the interior, security grassroots prevent flying glass burst, automatically adjust the interior lighting, suitable for the weather.
Automotive Solar Films riot
Automotive Solar Films riot (riot insulation paper) from entering China's automobile beauty market, by industry and favored by the majority of Ai Juzu, the reason comes from the car features excellent anti-riot Solar Films.
(1) to create the best beauty. When you are the envy of high-end imported cars when the beauty of the glass color, beauty riot Solar Films let this become a reality in your car.
(2) increase the anti-riot performance. Solar Films can enhance the anti-riot vehicle accident, vehicle safety standards, making the car to minimize the possibility of broken glass as possible to avoid accidents on the crew of the injury.
(3) to improve air conditioning performance. Car riot Solar Films heat rate up to 50% -95%, effectively reducing automotive air conditioning use, save fuel, improve air conditioning efficiency.
(4) against harmful UV rays. UV radiation has a bactericidal effect, but also has a human skin against the force, for the crew, the long ride, the body is basically a stationary state, this time more love to UV damage, resulting in skin diseases. Solar film can effectively block UV sunscreen to protect your skin.
(5) to ensure privacy by car. If you attach importance to privacy of people, one-way perspective of the sun solar film to your denial of extraordinary vision.
(1) to create the best beauty. When you are the envy of high-end imported cars when the beauty of the glass color, beauty riot Solar Films let this become a reality in your car.
(2) increase the anti-riot performance. Solar Films can enhance the anti-riot vehicle accident, vehicle safety standards, making the car to minimize the possibility of broken glass as possible to avoid accidents on the crew of the injury.
(3) to improve air conditioning performance. Car riot Solar Films heat rate up to 50% -95%, effectively reducing automotive air conditioning use, save fuel, improve air conditioning efficiency.
(4) against harmful UV rays. UV radiation has a bactericidal effect, but also has a human skin against the force, for the crew, the long ride, the body is basically a stationary state, this time more love to UV damage, resulting in skin diseases. Solar film can effectively block UV sunscreen to protect your skin.
(5) to ensure privacy by car. If you attach importance to privacy of people, one-way perspective of the sun solar film to your denial of extraordinary vision.
Auto electric curtains
No matter where in the film or in real life, as distinguished celebrities like to hide behind the curtain of the car, perhaps because of the special needs of these people, some of the original luxury car equipped with electric curtains, such as the Lexus LS430, BMW 7 series, and so on.
In fact, electric privacy curtains in addition to the protection of passengers, other than to achieve a one-way perspective, its main function is to heat, UV blocking, which is often overlooked. Therefore, automotive supplies part of this period we have to look at cars electric curtains.
The key material issues
Dongguan Jin Di, according to car accessories Co., Ltd. Tong Ho Chiu, as early as 1996, some domestic car accessories manufacturers will be electric curtains off a wave of development, but due to material constraints, lack of strength of reason and scientific research, the R & D out of the side curtains on both sides of the product only, and the use of insulation materials can not be reached, one side effect of light, it has been open market, many manufacturers are forced to withdraw.
Until the polymer applied to the warp and weft cotton curtains on the electric car, only to reverse this situation. Jingwei Cotton polymers have good properties of one-way perspective can effectively block most light in the vehicle, while maintaining the car a certain brightness. To achieve the above functions, rely mainly on fine cotton warp and weft polymer octagonal structure, effectively blocking the whole lot of car curtains of light, the formation of interior space, privacy, and the use of the principle of pinhole imaging to clear the passengers in the car to see the landscape outside the car.
In addition, the warp and weft cotton can reduce water loss, reduce vehicle caused by bright light and dryness. It is precisely because the material to solve the problem, manufacturers began to market promising electric curtains, research and development of products gradually, to today there have been five electric curtains, that in addition to four side of the window, even after the windshield is installed electric curtains, and consumers have begun to re-ignite the desire to buy.
Calculate the worth of electric curtains
Electric curtain material from the manufacturing point of view can be divided into three categories. One is nylon, polyester products, this product is not in the burning sunlight, the light thermal insulation across a limited role, vehicle installation price is $ 280; second product is PVC products, PVC, also known as plastic film, which class of materials have been widely used in raincoat, its market price for the manual curtain 5 yuan per square meter, electric curtains for $ 280 two.
The third category is the use of polymer manufacture of cotton warp and weft of electric curtains, these products are solid durable and require little maintenance, but the price is much higher compared to the previous two, the average 1800 yuan for a car, according to the different models, price will fluctuate. Rolls-Royce as an automatic matching curtains, they sold 1.4 million price.
Electric curtains from the installation can be divided into built-in and external. Initially built-in electric curtains only BMW and other luxury car was the original match, and limited use of two rear side windows, and later through the efforts of manufacturers, has developed a built-in automatic curtain series, covering a variety of models, and the absorption Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Porsche and other high-end models of the design of the essence, the use of idle button on the panel, can easily start this type of electric curtains, made with the effect of the original configuration, but its price is relatively higher external many.
In fact, electric privacy curtains in addition to the protection of passengers, other than to achieve a one-way perspective, its main function is to heat, UV blocking, which is often overlooked. Therefore, automotive supplies part of this period we have to look at cars electric curtains.
The key material issues
Dongguan Jin Di, according to car accessories Co., Ltd. Tong Ho Chiu, as early as 1996, some domestic car accessories manufacturers will be electric curtains off a wave of development, but due to material constraints, lack of strength of reason and scientific research, the R & D out of the side curtains on both sides of the product only, and the use of insulation materials can not be reached, one side effect of light, it has been open market, many manufacturers are forced to withdraw.
Until the polymer applied to the warp and weft cotton curtains on the electric car, only to reverse this situation. Jingwei Cotton polymers have good properties of one-way perspective can effectively block most light in the vehicle, while maintaining the car a certain brightness. To achieve the above functions, rely mainly on fine cotton warp and weft polymer octagonal structure, effectively blocking the whole lot of car curtains of light, the formation of interior space, privacy, and the use of the principle of pinhole imaging to clear the passengers in the car to see the landscape outside the car.
In addition, the warp and weft cotton can reduce water loss, reduce vehicle caused by bright light and dryness. It is precisely because the material to solve the problem, manufacturers began to market promising electric curtains, research and development of products gradually, to today there have been five electric curtains, that in addition to four side of the window, even after the windshield is installed electric curtains, and consumers have begun to re-ignite the desire to buy.
Calculate the worth of electric curtains
Electric curtain material from the manufacturing point of view can be divided into three categories. One is nylon, polyester products, this product is not in the burning sunlight, the light thermal insulation across a limited role, vehicle installation price is $ 280; second product is PVC products, PVC, also known as plastic film, which class of materials have been widely used in raincoat, its market price for the manual curtain 5 yuan per square meter, electric curtains for $ 280 two.
The third category is the use of polymer manufacture of cotton warp and weft of electric curtains, these products are solid durable and require little maintenance, but the price is much higher compared to the previous two, the average 1800 yuan for a car, according to the different models, price will fluctuate. Rolls-Royce as an automatic matching curtains, they sold 1.4 million price.
Electric curtains from the installation can be divided into built-in and external. Initially built-in electric curtains only BMW and other luxury car was the original match, and limited use of two rear side windows, and later through the efforts of manufacturers, has developed a built-in automatic curtain series, covering a variety of models, and the absorption Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Porsche and other high-end models of the design of the essence, the use of idle button on the panel, can easily start this type of electric curtains, made with the effect of the original configuration, but its price is relatively higher external many.
Auto Meter and alarm unit
To make the driver to keep abreast of the work vehicle and the system, the dashboard of the car is equipped with a variety of cab indicating instrument and various alarm devices.
First, the speedometer and speed warning device
Speedometer indicates vehicle speed by the speed table and record over the distance traveled by car odometer composition, both mounted on a common shell, a shaft driven by the same.
Speedometer is the use of magnetic mutual inductance effect, so that the pointer on the dial and the pendulum angle is proportional to vehicle speed. In the case of the dial is equipped with a scale.
Odometer by the number of counts and the rotating drum unit composed. For ease of use, while some speedometer with odometer and one-way total odometer, total odometer to record the total vehicle mileage, one-way one-way car used to record the odometer mileage. One way you can always reset the odometer to zero.
Speed ??warning device is to ensure traffic safety and speed table in the speed of sound alarm system installed. If the vehicle speed reaches or exceeds a speed limit (eg 100km / h), then the speed table speed switch to the buzzer circuit connected to sound an alarm.
Second, the oil pressure gauge and oil pressure alarm device
Engine oil pressure gauge when the instructions in the engine lubrication system oil pressure in the main oil the size of the instrument. It includes instruction sheet and the hydraulic oil pressure sensor in two parts.
Oil low pressure alarm system installed in the engine lubrication oil in the main oil pressure is lower than normal, the alarm signal to the driver. Oil low pressure warning device mounted on the dashboard by the low oil warning lights mounted on the engine main oil and the oil pressure sensors trail.
Third, the fuel gauge and fuel low oil alarm equipment
Fuel gauge to indicate the existence of oil vehicle fuel tank. Fuel gauge regulator from the fuel surface with instruction sheet and the oil level sensor.
Fuel low oil alarm is the role of the fuel in the fuel tank is less than a specified value immediately light up alarm to attract the driver's attention.
Fourth, the water table and water temperature warning light
Water table is to indicate the function of the engine cylinder head comprising a coolant water temperature.
Water temperature warning light in the coolant temperature to near the boiling point (eg 95 ~ 98 ℃) when illuminated to attract the driver's attention.
First, the speedometer and speed warning device
Speedometer indicates vehicle speed by the speed table and record over the distance traveled by car odometer composition, both mounted on a common shell, a shaft driven by the same.
Speedometer is the use of magnetic mutual inductance effect, so that the pointer on the dial and the pendulum angle is proportional to vehicle speed. In the case of the dial is equipped with a scale.
Odometer by the number of counts and the rotating drum unit composed. For ease of use, while some speedometer with odometer and one-way total odometer, total odometer to record the total vehicle mileage, one-way one-way car used to record the odometer mileage. One way you can always reset the odometer to zero.
Speed ??warning device is to ensure traffic safety and speed table in the speed of sound alarm system installed. If the vehicle speed reaches or exceeds a speed limit (eg 100km / h), then the speed table speed switch to the buzzer circuit connected to sound an alarm.
Second, the oil pressure gauge and oil pressure alarm device
Engine oil pressure gauge when the instructions in the engine lubrication system oil pressure in the main oil the size of the instrument. It includes instruction sheet and the hydraulic oil pressure sensor in two parts.
Oil low pressure alarm system installed in the engine lubrication oil in the main oil pressure is lower than normal, the alarm signal to the driver. Oil low pressure warning device mounted on the dashboard by the low oil warning lights mounted on the engine main oil and the oil pressure sensors trail.
Third, the fuel gauge and fuel low oil alarm equipment
Fuel gauge to indicate the existence of oil vehicle fuel tank. Fuel gauge regulator from the fuel surface with instruction sheet and the oil level sensor.
Fuel low oil alarm is the role of the fuel in the fuel tank is less than a specified value immediately light up alarm to attract the driver's attention.
Fourth, the water table and water temperature warning light
Water table is to indicate the function of the engine cylinder head comprising a coolant water temperature.
Water temperature warning light in the coolant temperature to near the boiling point (eg 95 ~ 98 ℃) when illuminated to attract the driver's attention.
Auto Meter Review
Car dashboard instrument focused on the entire vehicle, it seems to have a window, showing the car's working conditions.
Different car dashboard instrument vary, but generally the car with conventional instrumentation speedometer, tachometer, oil pressure gauge, water temperature, fuel gauge, charging table and so on.
Hyundai, the car dashboard device also requires regulators, instruments designed to stabilize power supply voltage fluctuation suppression, in order to ensure auto meter accuracy. In addition, the basis for most instrument display from sensors, sensing devices to be monitored based on changes in the state of the object to change its resistance value, expressed through the instrument out.
Dashboard of the most prominent is the speedometer, which indicates the car speed, the unit is km / h (km / h). Speedometer is actually composed of two tables, one is the speedometer, the other is the odometer.
The traditional speedometer is mechanical, the typical connection a mechanical odometer shaft, flexible shaft has a steel cable, connect the other end of shaft to the transmission one gear, rotating gear driven rotary wire rope, wire rope odometer drive a magnet rotating circle cover, cover rings connected by springs with a pointer to the pointer over the zero position, rotation speed of the magnet field lines caused by changes in the size, balance is broken pointer so it is driven. This speedometer is simple and practical, is widely used in large and small vehicles. However, with the development of electronic technology, many cars have electronic speedometer instrument, from the common one is to get the speed sensor on the transmission signal, the pulse frequency changes through the deflection of the pointer or digital display.
Odometer is a digital instrument, it is the drum through the counter and speedometer drive gear on the worm gear shaft, so that the counter rotating drum, which is characterized by a full rotation on a drum circle, the next level of drum rotation 1 / 10 laps. Like with speedometer, odometer now has electronic odometer, mileage to get it from the speed sensor signal. Electronic digital odometer mileage accumulated in non-volatile memory storage, in the absence of state power under the state data can be saved.
Another more prominent instrument is the tachometer. China-made cars in the past generally do not set the tachometer, but the last decade the rise of various types of cars installed tachometer, some manufacturers will grade it as a vehicle configuration content. Tachometer unit is 1 / min × 1000, which shows how much one thousand revolutions per minute the engine turn. Tachometer that shows the engine speed in all conditions, the driver can always know the functioning of the engine, with transmission gear and throttle position, so that it remains the best working condition, to reduce fuel consumption, longer engine life with benefits.
Speed ??tables are normally set in the dashboard, the speedometer placed symmetrically with together. Magnetic tachometer in accordance with the principles of work, it receives the ignition coil primary current pulse generated when the interrupt signal, and converts this signal can be displayed speed value. The faster the engine speed, ignition coil the more the number of pulses, the table shows the speed the greater the value.
Now cars are generally electronic tachometer, LCD digital display and a pointer type, the table with digital integrated circuits, it's shipped from the ignition coil voltage pulse has been calculated after the drive pointer or digital display. In addition there is a speed table is removed from the pulse signal generator circuit to explain to the tachometer speed value after the show, but due to the alternator belt slippage and other factors, the value is not accurate.
Dashboard oil pressure gauge, water temperature and fuel gauge and engine are directly work-related instruments, they each have a corresponding object sensor will monitor the information reflected in the instrument.
Oil pressure gauge oil pressure is to show the instrument, the unit is kPa (kPa). Oil pressure gauge sensor is a piezoresistive sensor, with a threaded solid even in the engine oil pipeline. By the oil pressure to promote the contact pads in the resistance movement, the resistance changes which affect the amount of current through the meter into the ground, drive the pointer swing. As the oil pressure has a certain pressure range, the sake of clarity, there are many vehicles with oil pressure gauge indicator that, if the engine is running, it is still lit, it indicates the engine lubrication system may not be normal.
Water table is to show the cooling water temperature meter, the unit is ℃ (Celsius). Its sensor is a thermistor type sensor, with a screw fixed on the engine cooling water. Thermistor determines the flow through the coil winding of the current water table size, header pointer swing to drive. Car before the engine cooling water is tap water to act as, a lot of automotive engine cooling system with a special coolant, also known as the coolant temperature gauge.
Fuel gauge is displayed inside the fuel tank meter, the unit is L (liters), pointing to the "F", said the full oil, point to "E", said oil; also useful for 1 / 1, 1 / 2, 0 respectively. that full oil, half tank of fuel and oil. Fuel table has two coils, respectively, in "F" and "E" side of the sensor is a highly controlled by the float variable resistor, the resistance change of magnetic field lines determine the strength of two coils, it determines the pointer deflection direction.
Water table and the fuel gauge is also useful indicator that the water temperature indicator light, said high temperature fuel almost low fuel indicator light, as a supplementary reminder.
Table shows the generator and rechargeable battery charge and discharge between the state, divided ammeter and voltmeter. Most of the previous car ammeter, it has a permanent magnet, so that the pointer on a fixed pivot point to keep in the middle, surrounded by a coil around the pivot point, when a current is induced by the coil when the magnetic field, the pointer swings in the magnetic field around , decided to swing in the direction of current flowing through the coil direction. So ammeter connected in series between the battery and generator, when the generator to recharge the battery, the meter shows the positive (+) pole to the load if the battery charge and discharge is greater than the amount of the generator, then shows a negative (-) pole. As the ammeter terminal to withstand relatively large current, less secure, so now use the car most of the charge indicator or voltmeter. Charging indicator light ground terminal is controlled by the regulator when the engine is not running, the charging light grounding line Unicom, charging lights up; when the engine is running, the charging light grounding line is disconnected, the charge light goes out; if the charging light remains on, indicating charging system failure.
Different car dashboard instrument vary, but generally the car with conventional instrumentation speedometer, tachometer, oil pressure gauge, water temperature, fuel gauge, charging table and so on.
Hyundai, the car dashboard device also requires regulators, instruments designed to stabilize power supply voltage fluctuation suppression, in order to ensure auto meter accuracy. In addition, the basis for most instrument display from sensors, sensing devices to be monitored based on changes in the state of the object to change its resistance value, expressed through the instrument out.
Dashboard of the most prominent is the speedometer, which indicates the car speed, the unit is km / h (km / h). Speedometer is actually composed of two tables, one is the speedometer, the other is the odometer.
The traditional speedometer is mechanical, the typical connection a mechanical odometer shaft, flexible shaft has a steel cable, connect the other end of shaft to the transmission one gear, rotating gear driven rotary wire rope, wire rope odometer drive a magnet rotating circle cover, cover rings connected by springs with a pointer to the pointer over the zero position, rotation speed of the magnet field lines caused by changes in the size, balance is broken pointer so it is driven. This speedometer is simple and practical, is widely used in large and small vehicles. However, with the development of electronic technology, many cars have electronic speedometer instrument, from the common one is to get the speed sensor on the transmission signal, the pulse frequency changes through the deflection of the pointer or digital display.
Odometer is a digital instrument, it is the drum through the counter and speedometer drive gear on the worm gear shaft, so that the counter rotating drum, which is characterized by a full rotation on a drum circle, the next level of drum rotation 1 / 10 laps. Like with speedometer, odometer now has electronic odometer, mileage to get it from the speed sensor signal. Electronic digital odometer mileage accumulated in non-volatile memory storage, in the absence of state power under the state data can be saved.
Another more prominent instrument is the tachometer. China-made cars in the past generally do not set the tachometer, but the last decade the rise of various types of cars installed tachometer, some manufacturers will grade it as a vehicle configuration content. Tachometer unit is 1 / min × 1000, which shows how much one thousand revolutions per minute the engine turn. Tachometer that shows the engine speed in all conditions, the driver can always know the functioning of the engine, with transmission gear and throttle position, so that it remains the best working condition, to reduce fuel consumption, longer engine life with benefits.
Speed ??tables are normally set in the dashboard, the speedometer placed symmetrically with together. Magnetic tachometer in accordance with the principles of work, it receives the ignition coil primary current pulse generated when the interrupt signal, and converts this signal can be displayed speed value. The faster the engine speed, ignition coil the more the number of pulses, the table shows the speed the greater the value.
Now cars are generally electronic tachometer, LCD digital display and a pointer type, the table with digital integrated circuits, it's shipped from the ignition coil voltage pulse has been calculated after the drive pointer or digital display. In addition there is a speed table is removed from the pulse signal generator circuit to explain to the tachometer speed value after the show, but due to the alternator belt slippage and other factors, the value is not accurate.
Dashboard oil pressure gauge, water temperature and fuel gauge and engine are directly work-related instruments, they each have a corresponding object sensor will monitor the information reflected in the instrument.
Oil pressure gauge oil pressure is to show the instrument, the unit is kPa (kPa). Oil pressure gauge sensor is a piezoresistive sensor, with a threaded solid even in the engine oil pipeline. By the oil pressure to promote the contact pads in the resistance movement, the resistance changes which affect the amount of current through the meter into the ground, drive the pointer swing. As the oil pressure has a certain pressure range, the sake of clarity, there are many vehicles with oil pressure gauge indicator that, if the engine is running, it is still lit, it indicates the engine lubrication system may not be normal.
Water table is to show the cooling water temperature meter, the unit is ℃ (Celsius). Its sensor is a thermistor type sensor, with a screw fixed on the engine cooling water. Thermistor determines the flow through the coil winding of the current water table size, header pointer swing to drive. Car before the engine cooling water is tap water to act as, a lot of automotive engine cooling system with a special coolant, also known as the coolant temperature gauge.
Fuel gauge is displayed inside the fuel tank meter, the unit is L (liters), pointing to the "F", said the full oil, point to "E", said oil; also useful for 1 / 1, 1 / 2, 0 respectively. that full oil, half tank of fuel and oil. Fuel table has two coils, respectively, in "F" and "E" side of the sensor is a highly controlled by the float variable resistor, the resistance change of magnetic field lines determine the strength of two coils, it determines the pointer deflection direction.
Water table and the fuel gauge is also useful indicator that the water temperature indicator light, said high temperature fuel almost low fuel indicator light, as a supplementary reminder.
Table shows the generator and rechargeable battery charge and discharge between the state, divided ammeter and voltmeter. Most of the previous car ammeter, it has a permanent magnet, so that the pointer on a fixed pivot point to keep in the middle, surrounded by a coil around the pivot point, when a current is induced by the coil when the magnetic field, the pointer swings in the magnetic field around , decided to swing in the direction of current flowing through the coil direction. So ammeter connected in series between the battery and generator, when the generator to recharge the battery, the meter shows the positive (+) pole to the load if the battery charge and discharge is greater than the amount of the generator, then shows a negative (-) pole. As the ammeter terminal to withstand relatively large current, less secure, so now use the car most of the charge indicator or voltmeter. Charging indicator light ground terminal is controlled by the regulator when the engine is not running, the charging light grounding line Unicom, charging lights up; when the engine is running, the charging light grounding line is disconnected, the charge light goes out; if the charging light remains on, indicating charging system failure.
Advantage of MPV model
MPV features a very distinctive, as opposed to general micro-car, MPV even more of the comfort of their cars; relative to the car, the characteristics of large space has become its advantage. Developed countries in Europe and America, MPV seems to be the family group activities of the private car. But also in the Renault company after the concept of the MPV, it has a certain commercial vehicles in the territory. Flip back to front, rear seats also make the appropriate adjustments, will be able to form a fairly comfortable inside a small conference room. This is a common car in any case can not be achieved.
With China's living standards improve and the mind, into the family car has become a trend. In most Chinese families can only buy a car in the case, the requirements of the car, especially the emphasis on versatility. Family car, if the couple together with both parents want to travel, to drive a car less than a person to sit, open another two cars worth; by jeep, hiking cross-country to solve the problem, how can individuals take no less than 8 ; rent a van, who'd sit down, can encounter a small ridge to become a "tractor"; now open a national policy, the individual can do-owned enterprises, buy a car, have a style touches, can be at any time to pull something not so easy; to buy a van it, manned up the goods have been resolved, you had better driving to see customers, can also pull no less than how the "face." Therefore, the coordination of multiple choice, MPV's advantage is very impressive.
Related links three: MPV in China's history
Speaking in the domestic MPV, consumers may feel strange, but talking about "bullet" is mostly known, such as the mid-1990s, U.S. imports of Lu Mina Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Japan Toyota Previa and so on. True from the perspective of production, MPV in China not long, however, more than five years time.
Qualified domestic MPV in the most "old" is Shanghai GM's Buick GL8, this price reached more than 370,000 of the MPV, the high-end market position in the gaps in public and commercial vehicles, so how useless propaganda Shanghai GM , Buick GL8 sales have been good.
To really MPV product positioning in the domestic car comes off the assembly line in May 2003, Hainan Mazda Premacy. Hainan Mazda MPV essay competition organized by means of the multi-purpose vehicles to promote the idea of ??gradually opening, and will be refined according to size MPV, Premacy proposed for the "S-MPV" (compact MPV) concept.
At present, domestic car, MPV models are considered to have dragon. Picasso and the introduction of Korea JAC Refine modern technology to produce cars. But sub-up Dragon Picasso cars should be regarded as a single chamber, rather than a general sense of the MPV, it is because Picasso space is relatively small, can only take five.
MPV then the wind getting up strong, many companies want their products included in the MPV of the camp, therefore, MPV concept has become increasingly vague, gradually expand the coverage, there has been a variety of "MPV".
With China's living standards improve and the mind, into the family car has become a trend. In most Chinese families can only buy a car in the case, the requirements of the car, especially the emphasis on versatility. Family car, if the couple together with both parents want to travel, to drive a car less than a person to sit, open another two cars worth; by jeep, hiking cross-country to solve the problem, how can individuals take no less than 8 ; rent a van, who'd sit down, can encounter a small ridge to become a "tractor"; now open a national policy, the individual can do-owned enterprises, buy a car, have a style touches, can be at any time to pull something not so easy; to buy a van it, manned up the goods have been resolved, you had better driving to see customers, can also pull no less than how the "face." Therefore, the coordination of multiple choice, MPV's advantage is very impressive.
Related links three: MPV in China's history
Speaking in the domestic MPV, consumers may feel strange, but talking about "bullet" is mostly known, such as the mid-1990s, U.S. imports of Lu Mina Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Japan Toyota Previa and so on. True from the perspective of production, MPV in China not long, however, more than five years time.
Qualified domestic MPV in the most "old" is Shanghai GM's Buick GL8, this price reached more than 370,000 of the MPV, the high-end market position in the gaps in public and commercial vehicles, so how useless propaganda Shanghai GM , Buick GL8 sales have been good.
To really MPV product positioning in the domestic car comes off the assembly line in May 2003, Hainan Mazda Premacy. Hainan Mazda MPV essay competition organized by means of the multi-purpose vehicles to promote the idea of ??gradually opening, and will be refined according to size MPV, Premacy proposed for the "S-MPV" (compact MPV) concept.
At present, domestic car, MPV models are considered to have dragon. Picasso and the introduction of Korea JAC Refine modern technology to produce cars. But sub-up Dragon Picasso cars should be regarded as a single chamber, rather than a general sense of the MPV, it is because Picasso space is relatively small, can only take five.
MPV then the wind getting up strong, many companies want their products included in the MPV of the camp, therefore, MPV concept has become increasingly vague, gradually expand the coverage, there has been a variety of "MPV".
MPV from the chassis suspension system on the purchase
Through the suspension system to understand, when consumer choice MPV model is no longer "blind man riding a blind horse." Mastered the essential knowledge of chassis technology, consumers will be able to penetrate the refining companies on one pair of flashy advertising of Eagle Eye, and then elected to a real good car.
Advantages of both passenger cars and the MPV with its small stretch of space, comfortable ride experience, a complete business performance in recent years, the domestic automobile market can be described as a meteoric rise. Buick GL8, Grace Gold, Odyssey, and other popular models have been demonstrated in this arena, making this market segment more colorful. Survey shows that consumers in the choice of the time these products are generally most concerned about the appearance factor, interior, engine, etc., but very few people focus on the vehicle chassis performance is critical technical content.
Chassis as the foundation of the car, even if the interior, beautiful design was then, if the low level of technology chassis, will also lead to "less than the day after tomorrow." Often hear consumers complain that a car "fat floating", "to the time rate not too fast, worry about rollover," "road slightest good, feel bumps", etc., can be said that the crux of the reasons for these Many, but probably also the most important factor is the chassis of a lack of skill. Is there any way to allow consumers to take precautions, insight into the opportunities it? In fact, if consumers can increase the number of chassis knowledge, beginning in the choice of models is still relatively easy to distinguish which one is better.
In general, the chassis including the transmission system, driving system, steering system, brake system, which for comfort, stability and control than the stability of the greatest lines of suspension travel. The so-called wheel suspension is connected with the structure of the body, because it actually makes the body suspended in the air, so named, the main role is to absorb the impact of various road to face the body, to ensure that the vehicle occupant ride comfort and vehicle stability However, if the blind pursuit of these two purposes, will sacrifice handling and stability, so a good suspension system should be able to ensure the car's performance in these three areas should have better performance. The consumer is well-known shock absorber suspension constitutes an important structure, in addition to suspension system also includes a flexible element (eg, torsion bar springs, coil springs, air springs, etc.) and the guide elements (such as various types of bars) and so on. Based on general automotive engines, transmissions and other structural arrangement was necessary, with independent suspension both front overhang, so the several mentioned in this article begins MPV models differ mainly in the suspension on the rear suspension (in the following referred to as "hanging "Unless otherwise stated, are" rear suspension ").
There are three basic forms of suspension system, which non-independent suspension, independent suspension, and in between the semi-independent suspension.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a non-independent suspension, is specifically expressed in two structural forms: leaf springs, four-link coil spring non-independent suspension (also with five-link coil spring suspension of non-independent). The advantages of using this suspension structure is simple, low cost, more favorable for vehicle manufacturers, but the disadvantages are also obvious, as is a rigid bar connected directly to the wheels on both sides on the impact side of the wheel, vibration bound to affect the other side of the wheel, so naturally will not get better handling stability and comfort, and because the interaction of right and left wheels, but also likely to influence the stability of the body, when in turn are more prone to rollover . Currently, refine, popular MPV is used in this structure, in addition we can often see all kinds of light passenger cars also chose this structure.
Figure 2 is a schematic of an independent suspension, this suspension are more specific forms, such as double-wishbone, multi-link, and so on. This suspension more adjustable parameters, can provide designers with a broader design space, so manufacturers can design cars beginning in through the appropriate adjustment to make the car ride comfort, stability, handling and stability three aspects of a reasonable configuration, compared to non-independent suspension is the innate advantages of independent suspension has been established, and the use of models compared to the non-independent suspension, with independent suspension of the vehicle even at high speed will not feel "body hair floating "solid feeling chassis is very obvious. In addition, the use of wheel independent suspension on both sides of the car body is connected with each other independently, so the use of the process from the point of view, the side of the wheel when under attack, after the vibration absorbed by the elastic element's own impact, this impact will not be affected The other side of the wheel, which naturally has a non-independent suspension can not match. However, the independent suspension is not without its drawbacks, because the steering wheel by centrifugal force inside than the outside wheels are much larger force, the force if the inside of the wheel in some special circumstances (such as excessive speed, larger lateral wind, poor road conditions, etc.) is insufficient to support the lateral force and body force generated by gravity, it (Figure 3): Grace of the rear axle
Prone to rollover. For this concern, car manufacturers often use four-wheel independent suspension models install the appropriate stiffness of the horizontal stabilizer (some are based on different models installed in the front or rear wheels, some front and rear wheels are installed). Currently Grace, Odyssey is used in this structure, previously heard someone talking about Grace is a bus chassis, perhaps out of "Gold Cup" brand inertia of thinking.
As Grace uses a four-wheel independent suspension system to improve ride comfort, this design is often more common in cars, a large body such as Grace's car is also unusual. Although this is sometimes a bit more rigid suspension system, but high-speed ahead on the road in the cement, the incoming road noise inside the larger, hard time hanging on the filling completely the benefits system, aftershocks filter fast, even if the road uneven, bumpy feel it is not obvious.
Figure 4 is a schematic of semi-independent suspension, a non-independent suspension is actually a special form, because it's both sides of the wheels are directly connected by means of a bar, but the rod is not completely rigid piece of material, but has better distortion characteristics, when the side of the wheel by the impact, the impact on the other side of the wheel is not as strong as non-independent suspension, but it is difficult to achieve a level of independent suspension. This form is actually a cost savings for automotive manufacturers to consider the use of angles, usually for economy cars, the Buick GL8 is also used in this structure.
As the current suspension of the difference between the MPV is the basic form of the main differences, but this is mainly due to guide consumers in a situation of hot MPV sales are serious about performance that is critical for the technical characteristics and, therefore, not the specific structure of the independent suspension to start the detailed discussion, but I think for the average consumer can understand if the above would suffice, after all, many consumers have never hung according to the specific structure to determine the model trade-offs.
Advantages of both passenger cars and the MPV with its small stretch of space, comfortable ride experience, a complete business performance in recent years, the domestic automobile market can be described as a meteoric rise. Buick GL8, Grace Gold, Odyssey, and other popular models have been demonstrated in this arena, making this market segment more colorful. Survey shows that consumers in the choice of the time these products are generally most concerned about the appearance factor, interior, engine, etc., but very few people focus on the vehicle chassis performance is critical technical content.
Chassis as the foundation of the car, even if the interior, beautiful design was then, if the low level of technology chassis, will also lead to "less than the day after tomorrow." Often hear consumers complain that a car "fat floating", "to the time rate not too fast, worry about rollover," "road slightest good, feel bumps", etc., can be said that the crux of the reasons for these Many, but probably also the most important factor is the chassis of a lack of skill. Is there any way to allow consumers to take precautions, insight into the opportunities it? In fact, if consumers can increase the number of chassis knowledge, beginning in the choice of models is still relatively easy to distinguish which one is better.
In general, the chassis including the transmission system, driving system, steering system, brake system, which for comfort, stability and control than the stability of the greatest lines of suspension travel. The so-called wheel suspension is connected with the structure of the body, because it actually makes the body suspended in the air, so named, the main role is to absorb the impact of various road to face the body, to ensure that the vehicle occupant ride comfort and vehicle stability However, if the blind pursuit of these two purposes, will sacrifice handling and stability, so a good suspension system should be able to ensure the car's performance in these three areas should have better performance. The consumer is well-known shock absorber suspension constitutes an important structure, in addition to suspension system also includes a flexible element (eg, torsion bar springs, coil springs, air springs, etc.) and the guide elements (such as various types of bars) and so on. Based on general automotive engines, transmissions and other structural arrangement was necessary, with independent suspension both front overhang, so the several mentioned in this article begins MPV models differ mainly in the suspension on the rear suspension (in the following referred to as "hanging "Unless otherwise stated, are" rear suspension ").
There are three basic forms of suspension system, which non-independent suspension, independent suspension, and in between the semi-independent suspension.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a non-independent suspension, is specifically expressed in two structural forms: leaf springs, four-link coil spring non-independent suspension (also with five-link coil spring suspension of non-independent). The advantages of using this suspension structure is simple, low cost, more favorable for vehicle manufacturers, but the disadvantages are also obvious, as is a rigid bar connected directly to the wheels on both sides on the impact side of the wheel, vibration bound to affect the other side of the wheel, so naturally will not get better handling stability and comfort, and because the interaction of right and left wheels, but also likely to influence the stability of the body, when in turn are more prone to rollover . Currently, refine, popular MPV is used in this structure, in addition we can often see all kinds of light passenger cars also chose this structure.
Figure 2 is a schematic of an independent suspension, this suspension are more specific forms, such as double-wishbone, multi-link, and so on. This suspension more adjustable parameters, can provide designers with a broader design space, so manufacturers can design cars beginning in through the appropriate adjustment to make the car ride comfort, stability, handling and stability three aspects of a reasonable configuration, compared to non-independent suspension is the innate advantages of independent suspension has been established, and the use of models compared to the non-independent suspension, with independent suspension of the vehicle even at high speed will not feel "body hair floating "solid feeling chassis is very obvious. In addition, the use of wheel independent suspension on both sides of the car body is connected with each other independently, so the use of the process from the point of view, the side of the wheel when under attack, after the vibration absorbed by the elastic element's own impact, this impact will not be affected The other side of the wheel, which naturally has a non-independent suspension can not match. However, the independent suspension is not without its drawbacks, because the steering wheel by centrifugal force inside than the outside wheels are much larger force, the force if the inside of the wheel in some special circumstances (such as excessive speed, larger lateral wind, poor road conditions, etc.) is insufficient to support the lateral force and body force generated by gravity, it (Figure 3): Grace of the rear axle
Prone to rollover. For this concern, car manufacturers often use four-wheel independent suspension models install the appropriate stiffness of the horizontal stabilizer (some are based on different models installed in the front or rear wheels, some front and rear wheels are installed). Currently Grace, Odyssey is used in this structure, previously heard someone talking about Grace is a bus chassis, perhaps out of "Gold Cup" brand inertia of thinking.
As Grace uses a four-wheel independent suspension system to improve ride comfort, this design is often more common in cars, a large body such as Grace's car is also unusual. Although this is sometimes a bit more rigid suspension system, but high-speed ahead on the road in the cement, the incoming road noise inside the larger, hard time hanging on the filling completely the benefits system, aftershocks filter fast, even if the road uneven, bumpy feel it is not obvious.
Figure 4 is a schematic of semi-independent suspension, a non-independent suspension is actually a special form, because it's both sides of the wheels are directly connected by means of a bar, but the rod is not completely rigid piece of material, but has better distortion characteristics, when the side of the wheel by the impact, the impact on the other side of the wheel is not as strong as non-independent suspension, but it is difficult to achieve a level of independent suspension. This form is actually a cost savings for automotive manufacturers to consider the use of angles, usually for economy cars, the Buick GL8 is also used in this structure.
As the current suspension of the difference between the MPV is the basic form of the main differences, but this is mainly due to guide consumers in a situation of hot MPV sales are serious about performance that is critical for the technical characteristics and, therefore, not the specific structure of the independent suspension to start the detailed discussion, but I think for the average consumer can understand if the above would suffice, after all, many consumers have never hung according to the specific structure to determine the model trade-offs.
Roll-over should take the right door to escape
Properly wearing a seatbelt is a prerequisite to escape
Recently, Nissan Motor Company in Beijing Golden Port car park held a six-day "Nissan Safety Driving Training Camp" activities, which is a major bright spot in a unique body roll from the simulation system to simulate roll-over type accidents, teach danger to everyone in the state of self-help method of escape.
Shoulder belt should not rely on the outside too
Seat belt is the correct place to escape the accident roll-over basis, wearing a seatbelt, the seat back and snapping the waist as far as possible, before and after adjustment position, feet on the clutch and brake pedal in the end, when the legs to ensure a certain bending, or leg in the frontal impact accidents easily injured; seat belts should be tied to the lower position of the hip bone, the Department may result in abdominal organs were injured when hit; should be placed in the upper shoulder, neck, middle, around the clavicle position, if overly rely on outside shoulder, in the event of an accident seat belt will slip easily from the shoulder, which needs to adjust the vehicle's seat belt B-pillar mouth level.
Escaped from the overturned position Fujia
If roll-over accident, then the most important thing is to turn off the vehicle to ensure that burning does not occur, explosion. Turn off and then the following steps to ensure safe escape:
1, hands shore roof, lift your feet firmly placed live dashboard, the body stays firmly in the seat;
2, unlock with one hand the belt to the direction of the door as Shoulong, in order to avoid wound caused by escape;
3, his hands, good feet release, the body fell to the Deputy cockpit roof, forming squatting posture. If a passenger Fujia position, the first out of the bus Fujia staff, a steering wheel for driving position, will affect the escape speed;
4, if the door can not open, you should break the side windows to escape. As the windows toughness good, sharp objects should be used percussion, and pay attention to hitting the glass corner;
5, escaped from the vehicle before the first observation of a certain road conditions, to prevent the recurrence of accidents with other vehicles.
In addition, the car into the water over the back of the head after the general weight of large vehicles, so should be slower from the back seat submerged escape.
Recently, Nissan Motor Company in Beijing Golden Port car park held a six-day "Nissan Safety Driving Training Camp" activities, which is a major bright spot in a unique body roll from the simulation system to simulate roll-over type accidents, teach danger to everyone in the state of self-help method of escape.
Shoulder belt should not rely on the outside too
Seat belt is the correct place to escape the accident roll-over basis, wearing a seatbelt, the seat back and snapping the waist as far as possible, before and after adjustment position, feet on the clutch and brake pedal in the end, when the legs to ensure a certain bending, or leg in the frontal impact accidents easily injured; seat belts should be tied to the lower position of the hip bone, the Department may result in abdominal organs were injured when hit; should be placed in the upper shoulder, neck, middle, around the clavicle position, if overly rely on outside shoulder, in the event of an accident seat belt will slip easily from the shoulder, which needs to adjust the vehicle's seat belt B-pillar mouth level.
Escaped from the overturned position Fujia
If roll-over accident, then the most important thing is to turn off the vehicle to ensure that burning does not occur, explosion. Turn off and then the following steps to ensure safe escape:
1, hands shore roof, lift your feet firmly placed live dashboard, the body stays firmly in the seat;
2, unlock with one hand the belt to the direction of the door as Shoulong, in order to avoid wound caused by escape;
3, his hands, good feet release, the body fell to the Deputy cockpit roof, forming squatting posture. If a passenger Fujia position, the first out of the bus Fujia staff, a steering wheel for driving position, will affect the escape speed;
4, if the door can not open, you should break the side windows to escape. As the windows toughness good, sharp objects should be used percussion, and pay attention to hitting the glass corner;
5, escaped from the vehicle before the first observation of a certain road conditions, to prevent the recurrence of accidents with other vehicles.
In addition, the car into the water over the back of the head after the general weight of large vehicles, so should be slower from the back seat submerged escape.
Car division level
Generally speaking, the car made ??a total engine displacement, can be used as a sign of class
distinction between cars.
Some models of the car at home and abroad, after the hoarding or sub-panel labeled Ji 1.8 or 2.0 or 2.8
etc. notation, this is a sign of total displacement car engines. The total engine cylinder displacement
means the engine all the work and the volume of the unit is the liter. China's car classification method
is based on an engine displacement.
In accordance with state regulations, the displacement of less than or equal to 1 liter, are mini-cars;
displacement of more than one liter and less than or equal to 1.6 liters, cars belonging to the ordinary
level; displacement exceeding 1.6 liters and less than or equal to 2.5 liters are intermediate sedan;
displacement greater than 2.5 and less than or equal to 4 liters are in the limousine; displacement
greater than 4 liters, is limousine.
Some countries cars are also to car engine displacement divided by level.
In general, the greater the displacement of the car, the greater the power, the better its
acceleration, the car's interior can also do a more advanced, the higher their grade division. Such as
the UK's Rolls-Royce cars, displacement to 9.8 liters.
Displacement given level, sometimes wrong, plus the car with a long wheelbase, width is a way.
Test points are as follows:
3.5 M below the mini-car. (Vehicle width 1.6 M or less)
4M or less, small car. (1.7 M or less)
4.5 M or less, ordinary cars. (1.8 M or less)
5M or less, luxury sedan. (1.9 M or less)
5M or more, ultra-luxury sedan. (1.9 M or more)
distinction between cars.
Some models of the car at home and abroad, after the hoarding or sub-panel labeled Ji 1.8 or 2.0 or 2.8
etc. notation, this is a sign of total displacement car engines. The total engine cylinder displacement
means the engine all the work and the volume of the unit is the liter. China's car classification method
is based on an engine displacement.
In accordance with state regulations, the displacement of less than or equal to 1 liter, are mini-cars;
displacement of more than one liter and less than or equal to 1.6 liters, cars belonging to the ordinary
level; displacement exceeding 1.6 liters and less than or equal to 2.5 liters are intermediate sedan;
displacement greater than 2.5 and less than or equal to 4 liters are in the limousine; displacement
greater than 4 liters, is limousine.
Some countries cars are also to car engine displacement divided by level.
In general, the greater the displacement of the car, the greater the power, the better its
acceleration, the car's interior can also do a more advanced, the higher their grade division. Such as
the UK's Rolls-Royce cars, displacement to 9.8 liters.
Displacement given level, sometimes wrong, plus the car with a long wheelbase, width is a way.
Test points are as follows:
3.5 M below the mini-car. (Vehicle width 1.6 M or less)
4M or less, small car. (1.7 M or less)
4.5 M or less, ordinary cars. (1.8 M or less)
5M or less, luxury sedan. (1.9 M or less)
5M or more, ultra-luxury sedan. (1.9 M or more)
Automotive active safety equipment safety articles
Disc brakes
Disc brake, also known as disc brakes, whichever shape suggests that it is named after. It consists of hydraulic control, the main components are brake disc, wheel cylinders, brake calipers, tubing, etc. Manufactured with steel brake discs and fixed on the wheel, with the wheels turning. Brake wheel cylinder fixed to the floor fixed and the system 'dynamic clamp on the two friction plates are installed on both sides of the brake disc, wheel cylinder piston by the hydraulic tubing-conveyed to the role of promoting the friction plate to the system pressure dynamic friction brake disc, set to work like pliers clamping rotating plate, forcing it to stop the same.
Disc brake cooling fast, light weight, simple structure, easy adjustment. Especially when the high temperature performance and high load, the braking effect of stability, but not afraid of mud invasion, and poor road conditions in winter driving, drum brake disc brake easier than in a relatively short period of time that the car stopped. Some of the brake disc brake disc also opened a lot of holes to accelerate and improve brake ventilation efficiency.
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
ABS is Anti-lockBrakingSystem abbreviation. The world's first ABS system is first applied on the plane, and later became a standard limousine, and now most cars are equipped with ABS. As we all know, the brakes can not kick trampled to death, but should step brake, a step on a loose, until the car stopped, but the encounter Jicha, often require emergency vehicles to stop and would like to put one foot in the end to stop car , then as prone to locking wheel does not rotate, so that the car dangerous conditions, such as locking the front wheel causing loss of vehicle cornering ability, rear locking prone to drift accident and so on. ABS brakes installation is to solve the problem when the wheels from locking, ABS equipped vehicles, can effectively control the wheels keep turning on without locking does not turn, thus greatly improving the stability of the car when braking and poor road car under braking performance. ABS is installed on the wheel or shaft speed sensors continuously detect the wheel speed, calculated by the computer at the wheel slip ratio (slip ratio to understand by the car wheels have locking), and the ideal compared to the slip rate, to make increase or decrease the brake pressure of the decisions, orders to adjust the brake actuator pressure to keep the wheel in the desired braking. Therefore, ABS device can make the wheels slip has remained in a weak state of the rolling brake without locking, the purpose to improve braking performance.
Electronic brake-force distribution (EBD)
EBD can be generated when the brake according as the transfer of different axle load, and automatically adjust the front, the rear axle braking force distribution ratio, improved braking performance, and increase with the ABS braking stability. Car braking, four tires attached to the ground conditions are often not the same. For example, sometimes the left front and right rear wheel attached to the drying of the concrete floor, while the right front and left rear wheel is attached to the water or mud, this situation will result in four wheel vehicle braking friction with the ground not the same, often caused by braking skid, tilt and vehicle rollover accident. EBD brakes with high-speed computer in the car the moment, four tires were attached to the different ground sensors, calculations, different friction values, the four tires of the braking device according to different situations in different ways and braking force, and constantly in motion high-speed adjustment, so as to ensure smooth traffic and safe.
Traction Control System (TCS)
TCS also known as traction control system. Car braking on slippery roads, the wheels will spin, and even the direction of the out of control. Similarly, the car started, or hard acceleration, the wheel may also be slipping in the snow and ice on the road will smooth out the direction of control risk. T <paw ÷ is designed for this problem. TCS to rely on electronic sensors to detect wheel speed is lower than the driven wheel (this is; slip characteristics), will send a signal to regulate the ignition timing, reducing the valve opening, reduce the throttle, downshift or brake wheels, so that the wheel will not spin. TCS can improve vehicle driving stability, increase acceleration, improve climbing ability. Collected only on the original limousine was installed TCS, now there are also many ordinary cars. TCS and ABS if used in conjunction with each other, will further enhance the car's safety performance. TCS and ABS can be shared on the axle of the wheel speed sensor, and connected with the trip computer, constantly monitors the wheel speed, when found in low-speed spin when, TCS will immediately notify the ABS action to reduce the wheel spin. If high-speed spin when found, TCS immediately issued a directive to the trip computer, directing the engine slow down and transmission downshift, slip the slipping wheel is no longer prevent the loss of control drift.
Electronic stability control (ESP)
Electronic stability control (ElectronicStablityProgram, referred to as ESP) is the first application of Mercedes-Benz A-class in its car. ESP is actually a traction control system, compared with other traction control systems, ESP not only control the driving wheel, and can control the driven wheel. Such as rear-wheel drive vehicles often appear too much of the steering, rear wheel out of control and drift at this time, ESP will slowly brake the outside front wheel to stabilize the car; in turn had came from, in order to correct tracking direction, ESP will within the rear brake slow to correct the direction of travel.
Intelligent air conditioning
Intelligent air conditioning system according to the external climatic conditions, in accordance with pre-installed in the car's indicators of temperature, humidity, air cleanliness sensor signals coming from the analysis, determine, and automatically open the refrigeration, heating, dehumidification and air cleaning and other functions. In the advanced security vehicles, the air conditioning system with other systems (such as driver dozing off alarm system) combined, inattentive drivers, when found, there are signs of dozing when the air conditioning automatically emit the aroma of sober .
Smart Key
Mercedes-Benz CLK coupe has adopted a smart key, this key can launch a smart infrared signals can open one or two doors, trunk and fuel filler hole cover, you can also manipulate the car's windows and skylights, more advanced intelligent key is like a credit card, when the driver touched the door handle, the central locking control system began to work and launch a wireless query signals, intelligent key card to make the correct response, the lock to open automatically. Only when the central perception of key card processor in the vehicle, the engine will start.
Dimming rearview mirror
Dimming inside rearview mirror is usually installed in it by the side of a special mirror and two photodiodes and electronic controller, electronic controller to receive the first shot sent the photodiode light optical signal after the shot. If the light lights and the rear view mirror in the car, such as the back light is greater than the front light, the electronic controller will output a voltage to the conductive layer. This conductive layer on the electrochemical voltage change in the mirror layer color, the higher the voltage, the darker the electrical layer, this time even if the irradiation of strong light to the rear view mirror, by dimming interior mirror reflection to the driver's eyes shows the dark on light, not bright. Specular reflection i11 electric layer to incident intensity of light under the rear, automatic, continuous change in order to prevent glare. When the vehicle is reversing, dimming inside rearview mirror glare function is removed, the right exterior mirrors auto-exposure on the ground.
Brake lights
Normal brake lights (brake lights) are installed in the rear on both sides, when drivers brake pedal, the brake lights that light up, and glows red to alert the vehicle behind the note, not rear-end collision. When the drivers release the brake pedal when the brake light is off. Brake lights, also known as the third brake light, it is generally installed in the rear of the upper to the rear of the vehicle in front of the vehicle can be detected early and the implementation of the brake, to prevent rear-end accidents. As the car has been around two brake lights, so it is customary to also put installed in the rear upper brake light as third brake light.
Rain sensor
Rain sensor hidden behind the front windshield, it falls on the glass according to the amount of water to adjust the size of wiper movement, thus greatly reducing the car's troubles.
Rain sensor is not limited to a few wiper gear to transform the movement speed, but the action of the wiper speed to do stepless adjustment. It has been known as a light-emitting diode LED is responsible for sending far-infrared, when the glass surface is dry, almost 100% of light is reflected back, this photodiode will be able to receive a lot of reflected light. The more rain on the glass, the less light is reflected back, the result is faster wiper action.
Disc brake, also known as disc brakes, whichever shape suggests that it is named after. It consists of hydraulic control, the main components are brake disc, wheel cylinders, brake calipers, tubing, etc. Manufactured with steel brake discs and fixed on the wheel, with the wheels turning. Brake wheel cylinder fixed to the floor fixed and the system 'dynamic clamp on the two friction plates are installed on both sides of the brake disc, wheel cylinder piston by the hydraulic tubing-conveyed to the role of promoting the friction plate to the system pressure dynamic friction brake disc, set to work like pliers clamping rotating plate, forcing it to stop the same.
Disc brake cooling fast, light weight, simple structure, easy adjustment. Especially when the high temperature performance and high load, the braking effect of stability, but not afraid of mud invasion, and poor road conditions in winter driving, drum brake disc brake easier than in a relatively short period of time that the car stopped. Some of the brake disc brake disc also opened a lot of holes to accelerate and improve brake ventilation efficiency.
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
ABS is Anti-lockBrakingSystem abbreviation. The world's first ABS system is first applied on the plane, and later became a standard limousine, and now most cars are equipped with ABS. As we all know, the brakes can not kick trampled to death, but should step brake, a step on a loose, until the car stopped, but the encounter Jicha, often require emergency vehicles to stop and would like to put one foot in the end to stop car , then as prone to locking wheel does not rotate, so that the car dangerous conditions, such as locking the front wheel causing loss of vehicle cornering ability, rear locking prone to drift accident and so on. ABS brakes installation is to solve the problem when the wheels from locking, ABS equipped vehicles, can effectively control the wheels keep turning on without locking does not turn, thus greatly improving the stability of the car when braking and poor road car under braking performance. ABS is installed on the wheel or shaft speed sensors continuously detect the wheel speed, calculated by the computer at the wheel slip ratio (slip ratio to understand by the car wheels have locking), and the ideal compared to the slip rate, to make increase or decrease the brake pressure of the decisions, orders to adjust the brake actuator pressure to keep the wheel in the desired braking. Therefore, ABS device can make the wheels slip has remained in a weak state of the rolling brake without locking, the purpose to improve braking performance.
Electronic brake-force distribution (EBD)
EBD can be generated when the brake according as the transfer of different axle load, and automatically adjust the front, the rear axle braking force distribution ratio, improved braking performance, and increase with the ABS braking stability. Car braking, four tires attached to the ground conditions are often not the same. For example, sometimes the left front and right rear wheel attached to the drying of the concrete floor, while the right front and left rear wheel is attached to the water or mud, this situation will result in four wheel vehicle braking friction with the ground not the same, often caused by braking skid, tilt and vehicle rollover accident. EBD brakes with high-speed computer in the car the moment, four tires were attached to the different ground sensors, calculations, different friction values, the four tires of the braking device according to different situations in different ways and braking force, and constantly in motion high-speed adjustment, so as to ensure smooth traffic and safe.
Traction Control System (TCS)
TCS also known as traction control system. Car braking on slippery roads, the wheels will spin, and even the direction of the out of control. Similarly, the car started, or hard acceleration, the wheel may also be slipping in the snow and ice on the road will smooth out the direction of control risk. T <paw ÷ is designed for this problem. TCS to rely on electronic sensors to detect wheel speed is lower than the driven wheel (this is; slip characteristics), will send a signal to regulate the ignition timing, reducing the valve opening, reduce the throttle, downshift or brake wheels, so that the wheel will not spin. TCS can improve vehicle driving stability, increase acceleration, improve climbing ability. Collected only on the original limousine was installed TCS, now there are also many ordinary cars. TCS and ABS if used in conjunction with each other, will further enhance the car's safety performance. TCS and ABS can be shared on the axle of the wheel speed sensor, and connected with the trip computer, constantly monitors the wheel speed, when found in low-speed spin when, TCS will immediately notify the ABS action to reduce the wheel spin. If high-speed spin when found, TCS immediately issued a directive to the trip computer, directing the engine slow down and transmission downshift, slip the slipping wheel is no longer prevent the loss of control drift.
Electronic stability control (ESP)
Electronic stability control (ElectronicStablityProgram, referred to as ESP) is the first application of Mercedes-Benz A-class in its car. ESP is actually a traction control system, compared with other traction control systems, ESP not only control the driving wheel, and can control the driven wheel. Such as rear-wheel drive vehicles often appear too much of the steering, rear wheel out of control and drift at this time, ESP will slowly brake the outside front wheel to stabilize the car; in turn had came from, in order to correct tracking direction, ESP will within the rear brake slow to correct the direction of travel.
Intelligent air conditioning
Intelligent air conditioning system according to the external climatic conditions, in accordance with pre-installed in the car's indicators of temperature, humidity, air cleanliness sensor signals coming from the analysis, determine, and automatically open the refrigeration, heating, dehumidification and air cleaning and other functions. In the advanced security vehicles, the air conditioning system with other systems (such as driver dozing off alarm system) combined, inattentive drivers, when found, there are signs of dozing when the air conditioning automatically emit the aroma of sober .
Smart Key
Mercedes-Benz CLK coupe has adopted a smart key, this key can launch a smart infrared signals can open one or two doors, trunk and fuel filler hole cover, you can also manipulate the car's windows and skylights, more advanced intelligent key is like a credit card, when the driver touched the door handle, the central locking control system began to work and launch a wireless query signals, intelligent key card to make the correct response, the lock to open automatically. Only when the central perception of key card processor in the vehicle, the engine will start.
Dimming rearview mirror
Dimming inside rearview mirror is usually installed in it by the side of a special mirror and two photodiodes and electronic controller, electronic controller to receive the first shot sent the photodiode light optical signal after the shot. If the light lights and the rear view mirror in the car, such as the back light is greater than the front light, the electronic controller will output a voltage to the conductive layer. This conductive layer on the electrochemical voltage change in the mirror layer color, the higher the voltage, the darker the electrical layer, this time even if the irradiation of strong light to the rear view mirror, by dimming interior mirror reflection to the driver's eyes shows the dark on light, not bright. Specular reflection i11 electric layer to incident intensity of light under the rear, automatic, continuous change in order to prevent glare. When the vehicle is reversing, dimming inside rearview mirror glare function is removed, the right exterior mirrors auto-exposure on the ground.
Brake lights
Normal brake lights (brake lights) are installed in the rear on both sides, when drivers brake pedal, the brake lights that light up, and glows red to alert the vehicle behind the note, not rear-end collision. When the drivers release the brake pedal when the brake light is off. Brake lights, also known as the third brake light, it is generally installed in the rear of the upper to the rear of the vehicle in front of the vehicle can be detected early and the implementation of the brake, to prevent rear-end accidents. As the car has been around two brake lights, so it is customary to also put installed in the rear upper brake light as third brake light.
Rain sensor
Rain sensor hidden behind the front windshield, it falls on the glass according to the amount of water to adjust the size of wiper movement, thus greatly reducing the car's troubles.
Rain sensor is not limited to a few wiper gear to transform the movement speed, but the action of the wiper speed to do stepless adjustment. It has been known as a light-emitting diode LED is responsible for sending far-infrared, when the glass surface is dry, almost 100% of light is reflected back, this photodiode will be able to receive a lot of reflected light. The more rain on the glass, the less light is reflected back, the result is faster wiper action.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)